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Electroencephalogram (EEG)-based brain-computer interfaces (BCIs) face significant deployment challenges due to inter-subject variability, signal non-stationarity, and computational constraints. While test-time adaptation (TTA) mitigates…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2026-01-13 Siyang Li , Jiayi Ouyang , Zhenyao Cui , Ziwei Wang , Tianwang Jia , Feng Wan , Dongrui Wu

Electroencephalography (EEG) underpins neuroscience, clinical neurophysiology, and brain-computer interfaces (BCIs), yet pronounced inter- and intra-subject variability limits reliability, reproducibility, and translation. This systematic…

Neurons and Cognition · Quantitative Biology 2026-02-03 Xuan-The Tran , Thien-Nhan Vo , Son-Tung Vu , Thoa-Thi Tran , Manh-Dat Nguyen , Thomas Do , Chin-Teng Lin

Electroencephalography (EEG) classification is a versatile and portable technique for building non-invasive Brain-computer Interfaces (BCI). However, the classifiers that decode cognitive states from EEG brain data perform poorly when…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2024-04-25 Anupam Sharma , Krishna Miyapuram

Deep learning models have shown promise in EEG-based outcome prediction for comatose patients after cardiac arrest, but their reliability is often compromised by subtle forms of data leakage. In particular, when long EEG recordings are…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-30 Yixin Zhou , Zhixiang Liu , Vladimir I. Zadorozhny , Jonathan Elmer

Current pain assessment within hospitals often relies on self-reporting or non-specific EKG vital signs. This system leaves critically ill, sedated, and cognitively impaired patients vulnerable to undertreated pain and opioid overuse.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-08 Aavid Mathrawala , Dhruv Kurup , Josie Lau

Brain computer interfaces (BCI) enable direct communication with a computer, using neural activity as the control signal. This neural signal is generally chosen from a variety of well-studied electroencephalogram (EEG) signals. For a given…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2018-06-28 Vernon J. Lawhern , Amelia J. Solon , Nicholas R. Waytowich , Stephen M. Gordon , Chou P. Hung , Brent J. Lance

The recent availability of large datasets in bio-medicine has inspired the development of representation learning methods for multiple healthcare applications. Despite advances in predictive performance, the clinical utility of such methods…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2022-10-18 Neeraj Wagh , Jionghao Wei , Samarth Rawal , Brent M. Berry , Yogatheesan Varatharajah

Deep learning networks are increasingly attracting attention in various fields, including electroencephalography (EEG) signal processing. These models provided comparable performance with that of traditional techniques. At present, however,…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2021-07-29 Haoming Zhang , Mingqi Zhao , Chen Wei , Dante Mantini , Zherui Li , Quanying Liu

Unlike conventional data such as natural images, audio and speech, raw multi-channel Electroencephalogram (EEG) data are difficult to interpret. Modern deep neural networks have shown promising results in EEG studies, however finding robust…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2022-06-22 Nikesh Bajaj , Jesús Requena Carrión , Francesco Bellotti

Electrocardiogram (ECG) biometrics have emerged as a promising modality for continuous, liveness-aware authentication in wearable systems. However, many prior studies report overly optimistic results due to data leakage (e.g., random splits…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-05 Milad Parvan

In Brain-Computer Interfacing (BCI), due to inter-subject non-stationarities of electroencephalogram (EEG), classifiers are trained and tested using EEG from the same subject. When physical disabilities bottleneck the natural modality of…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2019-04-09 Monalisa Pal , Sanghamitra Bandyopadhyay , Saugat Bhattacharyya

Electroencephalography (EEG) signals reflect activities on certain brain areas. Effective classification of time-varying EEG signals is still challenging. First, EEG signal processing and feature engineering are time-consuming and highly…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2019-08-27 Xiang Zhang , Lina Yao , Xianzhi Wang , Wenjie Zhang , Shuai Zhang , Yunhao Liu

Brain Computer Interfaces (BCI) have become very popular with Electroencephalography (EEG) being one of the most commonly used signal acquisition techniques. A major challenge in BCI studies is the individualistic analysis required for each…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2019-11-28 Baani Leen Kaur Jolly , Palash Aggrawal , Surabhi S Nath , Viresh Gupta , Manraj Singh Grover , Rajiv Ratn Shah

Developing foundation models for electroencephalography (EEG) remains challenging due to the signal's low signal-to-noise ratio and complex spectro-temporal non-stationarity. Existing approaches often overlook the hierarchical latent…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-02-20 Mingzhe Cui , Tao Chen , Yang Jiao , Yiqin Wang , Lei Xie , Yi Pan , Luca Mainardi

Recent advancements for large-scale pre-training with neural signals such as electroencephalogram (EEG) have shown promising results, significantly boosting the development of brain-computer interfaces (BCIs) and healthcare. However, these…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-03-21 Wei-Bang Jiang , Yansen Wang , Bao-Liang Lu , Dongsheng Li

Brain-Computer Interfaces (BCIs) enable converting the brain electrical activity of an interface user to the user commands. BCI research studies demonstrated encouraging results in different areas such as neurorehabilitation, control of…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2021-10-07 Alexandra Samsonova , Barry J. Devereux , Georgios Karakonstantis , Lev Mukhanov

Robotic arms are increasingly being used in collaborative environments, requiring an accurate understanding of human intentions to ensure both effectiveness and safety. Electroencephalogram (EEG) signals, which measure brain activity,…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2024-11-20 Byeong-Hoo Lee , Kang Yin

Artificial intelligence (AI) that can effectively learn ultrasound representations by integrating multi-source data holds significant promise for advancing clinical care. However, the scarcity of large labeled datasets in real-world…

The Motor Imagery (MI) electroencephalography (EEG) based Brain Computer Interfaces (BCIs) allow the direct communication between humans and machines by exploiting the neural pathways connected to motor imagination. Therefore, these systems…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2023-10-26 Aurora Saibene , Silvia Corchs , Mirko Caglioni , Francesca Gasparini

Brain-computer interface (BCI) technology enables direct interaction between humans and computers by analyzing brain signals. Electroencephalogram (EEG) is one of the non-invasive tools used in BCI systems, providing high temporal…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2024-11-18 Hyeon-Taek Han , Dae-Hyeok Lee , Heon-Gyu Kwak
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