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In the artificial intelligence space, as we transition from isolated large language models to autonomous agents capable of complex reasoning and tool use. While foundational architectures and local context management protocols have been…

Multiagent Systems · Computer Science 2026-02-18 Naveen Kumar Krishnan

The Model Context Protocol (MCP) aims to create a standard for how Large Language Models use tools. However, most current research focuses on selecting tools from an existing pool. A more fundamental, yet largely overlooked, problem is how…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-02-12 Chaoqian Ouyang , Ling Yue , Shimin Di , Libin Zheng , Linan Yue , Shaowu Pan , Jian Yin , Min-Ling Zhang

Agentic workflows driven by large language models (LLMs) are increasingly applied to Building Information Modelling (BIM), enabling natural-language retrieval, modification and generation of IFC models. Recent work has begun adopting the…

Other Computer Science · Computer Science 2026-03-31 Tobias Heimig-Elschner , Changyu Du , Anna Scheuvens , André Borrmann , Jakob Beetz

AI agents increasingly call external tools (file system, network, APIs) through the Model Context Protocol (MCP). These tool calls are the agent's syscalls -- privileged operations with side effects on shared state -- yet today's safety…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-04-21 Daeyeon Son

Large language models translate natural language into database queries, yet context window limitations prevent direct deployment in reporting systems where complete datasets exhaust available tokens. The Model Context Protocol specification…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-10-08 Scott Frees

Tool-using LLM agents increasingly coordinate real workloads by selecting and chaining third-party tools based on text-visible metadata such as tool names, descriptions, and return messages. We show that this convenience creates a…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-02-17 Yohan Lee , Jisoo Jang , Seoyeon Choi , Sangyeop Kim , Seungtaek Choi

Recent studies demonstrate that Large Language Models (LLMs) are vulnerable to different prompt-based attacks, generating harmful content or sensitive information. Both closed-source and open-source LLMs are underinvestigated for these…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-05-21 Jiawen Wang , Pritha Gupta , Ivan Habernal , Eyke Hüllermeier

Tool-augmented LLM agents raise new security risks: tool executions can introduce runtime-only behaviors, including prompt injection and unintended exposure of external inputs (e.g., environment secrets or local files). While existing…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-01-06 Zhuoran Tan , Run Hao , Jeremy Singer , Yutian Tang , Christos Anagnostopoulos

Recently, autonomous agents built on large language models (LLMs) have experienced significant development and are being deployed in real-world applications. These agents can extend the base LLM's capabilities in multiple ways. For example,…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-07-31 Boyang Zhang , Yicong Tan , Yun Shen , Ahmed Salem , Michael Backes , Savvas Zannettou , Yang Zhang

Large Language Models (LLMs) have seen rapid adoption in recent years, with industries increasingly relying on them to maintain a competitive advantage. These models excel at interpreting user instructions and generating human-like…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-09-09 Andrew Yeo , Daeseon Choi

Automatic differentiation (AD) enables powerful metasurface inverse design but requires extensive theoretical and programming expertise. We present a Model Context Protocol (MCP) assisted framework that allows researchers to conduct inverse…

Computational Physics · Physics 2026-04-13 Yi Huang , Bowen Zheng , Yunxi Dong , Hong Tang , Huan Zhao , S. M. Rakibul Hasan Shawon , Sensong An , Hualiang Zhang

The integration of Large Language Models (LLMs) into network operations (AIOps) is hindered by two fundamental challenges: the stochastic grounding problem, where LLMs struggle to reliably parse unstructured, vendor-specific CLI output, and…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2026-02-02 Devansh Lodha , Mohit Panchal , Sameer G. Kulkarni

Large Language Models (LLMs) deployed in enterprise settings (e.g., as Microsoft 365 Copilot) face novel security challenges. One critical threat is prompt inference attacks: adversaries chain together seemingly benign prompts to gradually…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-07-22 Andrii Balashov , Olena Ponomarova , Xiaohua Zhai

Incorrect implementations of network protocol message specifications affect the stability, security, and cost of network system development. Most implementation defects fall into one of three categories of well defined message constraints.…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2013-11-15 C. Jasson Casey , Andrew Sutton , Gabriel Dos Reis , Alex Sprintson

Healthcare AI systems have historically faced challenges in merging contextual reasoning, long-term state management, and human-verifiable workflows into a cohesive framework. This paper introduces a completely innovative architecture and…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-12-08 Zag ElSayed , Craig Erickson , Ernest Pedapati

Traditional threat modeling occurs during design, but cloud deployments introduce unanticipated threats, especially multi-stage attacks chaining vulnerabilities across trust boundaries. Existing security tools analyze components in…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-03-25 Nicholas Pecka , Lotfi Ben Othmane , Bharat Bhargava , Renee Bryce

This position paper argues that the field of LLM agents requires a unified, telecom-inspired communication protocol to ensure safety, interoperability, and scalability, especially within the context of Next Generation (NextG) networks.…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2025-10-17 Xin Li , Mengbing Liu , Chau Yuen

This paper establishes a fundamental convergence: Schema-Guided Dialogue (SGD) and the Model Context Protocol (MCP) represent two manifestations of a unified paradigm for deterministic, auditable LLM-agent interaction. SGD, designed for…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-03-06 Andreas Schlapbach

Multi-server MCP agents create an information-flow control problem: faithful tool composition can turn individually benign read/write permissions into cross-boundary credential propagation -- a structural side effect of workflow topology,…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-05-01 Haonan Li , Tianjun Sun , Yongqing Wang , Qisheng Zhang

While fine-tuning services drive the rapid expansion of task capabilities in large language models (LLMs), they are often accompanied by the degradation and reorganization of safety-aligned representations, making models more prone to…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-02 Bing Han , Feifei Zhao , Dongcheng Zhao , Guobin Shen , Ping Wu , Yu Shi , Yi Zeng