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Large Language Models (LLMs) have shown significant promise in automated theorem proving, yet progress is often constrained by the scarcity of diverse and high-quality formal language data. To address this issue, we introduce…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-12-02 Xinyuan Zhou , Yi Lei , Xiaoyu Zhou , Jingyi Sun , Yu Zhu , Zhongyi Ye , Weitai Zhang , Quan Liu , Si Wei , Cong Liu

Recent agentic systems demonstrate that large language models can generate scientific visualizations from natural language. However, reliability remains a major limitation: systems may execute invalid operations, introduce subtle but…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2026-03-27 Nathaniel Gorski , Shusen Liu , Bei Wang

Conducting reinforcement learning (RL) in simulated environments offers a cost-effective and highly scalable way to enhance language-based agents. However, previous work has been limited to semi-automated environment synthesis or tasks…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-12-30 Shihao Cai , Runnan Fang , Jialong Wu , Baixuan Li , Xinyu Wang , Yong Jiang , Liangcai Su , Liwen Zhang , Wenbiao Yin , Zhen Zhang , Fuli Feng , Pengjun Xie , Xiaobin Wang

LLM-driven web agents operating through continuous inference loops -- repeatedly querying a model to evaluate browser state and select actions -- exhibit a fundamental scalability constraint for repetitive tasks. We characterize this as the…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2026-05-01 Jagadeesh Chundru

Large language models hold considerable promise for various applications, but their computational requirements create a barrier that many institutions cannot overcome. A single session using a 70-billion-parameter model can cost around $127…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-01-13 Zuhair Ahmed Khan Taha , Mohammed Mudassir Uddin , Shahnawaz Alam

Efficient and accurate autoformalization methods, which leverage large-scale datasets of extensive natural language mathematical problems to construct formal language datasets, are key to advancing formal mathematical reasoning. In this…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-07-16 Jiaxuan Xie , Chengwu Liu , Ye Yuan , Siqi Li , Zhiping Xiao , Ming Zhang

Outcome-driven reinforcement learning has advanced reasoning in large language models (LLMs), but prevailing tool-augmented approaches train a single, monolithic policy that interleaves thoughts and tool calls under full context; this…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-10-08 Zhuofeng Li , Haoxiang Zhang , Seungju Han , Sheng Liu , Jianwen Xie , Yu Zhang , Yejin Choi , James Zou , Pan Lu

Scientific reasoning inherently demands integrating sophisticated toolkits to navigate domain-specific knowledge. Yet, current benchmarks largely overlook agents' ability to orchestrate tools for such rigorous workflows. To bridge this gap,…

Training large language models (LLMs) with synthetic reasoning data has become a popular approach to enhancing their reasoning capabilities, while a key factor influencing the effectiveness of this paradigm is the quality of the generated…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-03-24 Zhuojie Yang , Wentao Wan , Keze Wang

Enabling Large Language Models (LLMs) to effectively utilize tools in multi-turn interactions is essential for building capable autonomous agents. However, acquiring diverse and realistic multi-turn tool-use data remains a significant…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-01-16 Zhihao Xu , Rumei Li , Jiahuan Li , Rongxiang Weng , Jingang Wang , Xunliang Cai , Xiting Wang

While integrating tools like Code Interpreter and Search has significantly enhanced Large Language Model (LLM) reasoning in models like ChatGPT Agent and Gemini-Pro, practical guidance on optimal tool use is lacking. The core challenge is…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-03 Yongchao Chen , Jiefeng Chen , Rui Meng , Ji Yin , Na Li , Chuchu Fan , Chi Wang , Tomas Pfister , Jinsung Yoon

We introduce LongCat-Flash-Prover, a flagship 560-billion-parameter open-source Mixture-of- Experts (MoE) model that advances Native Formal Reasoning in Lean4 through agentic tool-integrated reasoning (TIR). We decompose the native formal…

Autoformalization, the process of transforming informal mathematical language into formal specifications and proofs remains a difficult task for state-of-the-art (large) language models. Existing works point to competing explanations for…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-02-25 Willy Chan , Michael Souliman , Jakob Nordhagen , Brando Miranda , Elyas Obbad , Kai Fronsdal Sanmi Koyejo

Autoformalization aims to convert informal mathematical proofs into machine-verifiable formats, bridging the gap between natural and formal languages. However, ensuring semantic alignment between the informal and formalized statements…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-15 Jianqiao Lu , Yingjia Wan , Yinya Huang , Jing Xiong , Zhengying Liu , Zhijiang Guo

Recent advances in Large Language Models (LLMs) have shown that their reasoning capabilities can be significantly improved through Reinforcement Learning with Verifiable Reward (RLVR), particularly in domains like mathematics and…

Formal mathematical reasoning remains a critical challenge for artificial intelligence, hindered by limitations of existing benchmarks in scope and scale. To address this, we present FormalMATH, a large-scale Lean4 benchmark comprising…

Training on verifiable symbolic data is a promising way to expand the reasoning frontier of language models beyond what standard pre-training corpora provide. Yet existing procedural generators often rely on fixed puzzles or templates and…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-03 Valentin Lacombe , Valentin Quesnel , Damien Sileo

GraphFlow is a visual workflow system designed to improve the reliability of agentic AI automation in multi-step, mission-critical processes. In these workflows, small errors compound rapidly: under an idealized model of independent steps,…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-05-15 Drewry H. Morris , Luis Valles , Reza Hosseini Ghomi

Graphical User Interface (GUI) agents can automate complex tasks across digital environments, but their development is hindered by the scarcity of high-quality trajectory data for training. Existing approaches rely on expensive human…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-03-04 Yiheng Xu , Dunjie Lu , Zhennan Shen , Junli Wang , Zekun Wang , Yuchen Mao , Caiming Xiong , Tao Yu

With the increasing adoption of large language models (LLM), agentic workflows, which compose multiple LLM calls with tools, retrieval, and reasoning steps, are increasingly replacing traditional applications. However, such workflows are…

Multiagent Systems · Computer Science 2025-11-04 Yeonju Ro , Haoran Qiu , Íñigo Goiri , Rodrigo Fonseca , Ricardo Bianchini , Aditya Akella , Zhangyang Wang , Mattan Erez , Esha Choukse