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This paper introduces RiskCards, a framework for structured assessment and documentation of risks associated with an application of language models. As with all language, text generated by language models can be harmful, or used to bring…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-04-03 Leon Derczynski , Hannah Rose Kirk , Vidhisha Balachandran , Sachin Kumar , Yulia Tsvetkov , M. R. Leiser , Saif Mohammad

In the software industry, the drive to add new features often overshadows the need to improve existing code. Large Language Models (LLMs) offer a new approach to improving codebases at an unprecedented scale through AI-assisted refactoring.…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2024-12-23 Markus Borg

Prompt injection attacks exploit vulnerabilities in large language models (LLMs) to manipulate the model into unintended actions or generate malicious content. As LLM integrated applications gain wider adoption, they face growing…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-01-03 Daniel Wankit Yip , Aysan Esmradi , Chun Fai Chan

As Large Language Models (LLMs) are deployed and integrated into thousands of applications, the need for scalable evaluation of how models respond to adversarial attacks grows rapidly. However, LLM security is a moving target: models…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-06-18 Leon Derczynski , Erick Galinkin , Jeffrey Martin , Subho Majumdar , Nanna Inie

Tool learning is widely acknowledged as a foundational approach or deploying large language models (LLMs) in real-world scenarios. While current research primarily emphasizes leveraging tools to augment LLMs, it frequently neglects emerging…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-08-19 Junjie Ye , Sixian Li , Guanyu Li , Caishuang Huang , Songyang Gao , Yilong Wu , Qi Zhang , Tao Gui , Xuanjing Huang

Despite their impressive performance, large language models (LLMs) such as ChatGPT are known to pose important risks. One such set of risks arises from misplaced confidence, whether over-confidence or under-confidence, that the models have…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-08-06 Ke Shen , Mayank Kejriwal

The rapid deployment of LLM-based autonomous agents has introduced safety risks that extend far beyond traditional LLM concerns, prompting a proliferation of safety benchmarks since late 2023. However, these benchmarks have developed…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2026-05-19 Miles Q. Li , Benjamin C. M. Fung , Boyang Li , Heba Ismail , Farkhund Iqbal

The integration of Large Language Models (LLMs) into robotics has revolutionized their ability to interpret complex human commands and execute sophisticated tasks. However, such paradigm shift introduces critical security vulnerabilities…

The rapid integration of Large Language Models (LLMs) into software engineering practice is reshaping how software testing activities are performed. LLMs are increasingly used to support software testing. Consequently, software testing…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-03-30 Peng Yang , Yunfeng Zhu , Chao Chang , Shengcheng Yu , Zhenyu Chen , Yong Tang

Large Language Models (LLMs) are increasingly employed for simulating human behaviors across diverse domains. However, our position is that current LLM-based human simulations remain insufficiently reliable, as evidenced by significant…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-12-02 Qian Wang , Jiaying Wu , Zichen Jiang , Zhenheng Tang , Bingqiao Luo , Nuo Chen , Wei Chen , Bingsheng He

Large vision-language model (LVLM)-based web agents are emerging as powerful tools for automating complex online tasks. However, when deployed in real-world environments, they face serious security risks, motivating the design of security…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-04-15 Zonghao Ying , Yangguang Shao , Jianle Gan , Gan Xu , Wenxin Zhang , Quanchen Zou , Junzheng Shi , Zhenfei Yin , Mingchuan Zhang , Aishan Liu , Xianglong Liu

Large language models (LLMs) are rapidly evolving into autonomous agents that cooperate across organizational boundaries, enabling joint disaster response, supply-chain optimization, and other tasks that demand decentralized expertise…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-07-16 Ronny Ko , Jiseong Jeong , Shuyuan Zheng , Chuan Xiao , Tae-Wan Kim , Makoto Onizuka , Won-Yong Shin

The integration of Large Language Models (LLMs) into various software applications raises concerns about their potential biases. Typically, those models are trained on a vast amount of data scrapped from forums, websites, social media and…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-07-24 Sergio Morales , Robert Clarisó , Jordi Cabot

Large Language Models (LLMs) are emerging as transformative tools for software vulnerability detection, addressing critical challenges in the security domain. Traditional methods, such as static and dynamic analysis, often falter due to…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-02-19 Ze Sheng , Zhicheng Chen , Shuning Gu , Heqing Huang , Guofei Gu , Jeff Huang

Financial institutions of all sizes are increasingly adopting Large Language Models (LLMs) to enhance credit assessments, deliver personalized client advisory services, and automate various language-intensive processes. However, effectively…

Computational Engineering, Finance, and Science · Computer Science 2025-04-04 Ahmadreza Tavasoli , Maedeh Sharbaf , Seyed Mohamad Madani

Search-based test generators are effective at producing unit tests with high coverage. However, such automatically generated tests have no meaningful test and variable names, making them hard to understand and interpret by developers. On…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-06-12 Matteo Biagiola , Gianluca Ghislotti , Paolo Tonella

Large Language Models (LLMs) are increasingly used for clinical decision support, where hallucinations and unsafe suggestions may pose direct risks to patient safety. These risks are hard to assess: subtle clinical errors are often missed…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-14 Yinzhu Chen , Abdine Maiga , Hossein A. Rahmani , Emine Yilmaz

Large language models (LLMs) are increasingly being used in Metaverse environments to generate dynamic and realistic content and to control the behavior of non-player characters (NPCs). However, the cybersecurity concerns associated with…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2023-12-25 Hongyin Zhu

Agentic AI systems -- Large Language Models (LLMs) augmented with planning, tool use, memory, and long-horizon interactions -- can execute complex tasks autonomously, but their multi-step trajectories introduce new failure modes that…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-05-26 Jinhu Qi , Muzhi Li , Jiahong Liu , Yuqin Shu , Dianzhi Yu , Shicheng Ma , Wenqian Cui , Yiyang Zhao , Yiyi Chen , Ruoxi Jiang , Irwin King , Zenglin Xu

Codex, a large language model (LLM) trained on a variety of codebases, exceeds the previous state of the art in its capacity to synthesize and generate code. Although Codex provides a plethora of benefits, models that may generate code on…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2022-07-29 Heidy Khlaaf , Pamela Mishkin , Joshua Achiam , Gretchen Krueger , Miles Brundage