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Recently, mega-constellations with a massive number of low Earth orbit (LEO) satellites are being considered as a possible solution for providing global coverage due to relatively low latency and high throughput compared to geosynchronous…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2023-12-27 Dong-Hyun Jung , Gyeongrae Im , Joon-Gyu Ryu , Seungkeun Park , Heejung Yu , Junil Choi

The integration of Low Earth Orbit (LEO) satellite constellations into 5G and Beyond is essential to achieve efficient global connectivity. As LEO satellites are a global infrastructure with predictable dynamics, a pre-planned fair and…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2022-11-14 Israel Leyva-Mayorga , Vineet Gala , Federico Chiariotti , Petar Popovski

This paper proposes a relay satellite assisted low earth orbit (LEO) constellation non-orthogonal multiple access combined beamforming (R-NOMA-BF) communication system, where multiple antenna LEO satellites deliver information to ground…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2024-11-05 Xuyang Zhang , Xinwei Yue , Zhihao Han , Tian Li , Xia Shen , Yafei Wang , Rongke Liu

Today's Low Earth Orbit (LEO) satellite networks, exemplified by SpaceX's Starlink, play a crucial role in delivering global internet access to millions of users. However, managing the dynamic and expansive nature of these networks poses…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2025-01-24 Dara Ron , Faisal Ahmed Yusufzai , Sebastian Kwakye , Satyaki Roy , Nishanth Sastry , Vijay K. Shah

With the rapid development of satellite communication technologies, the space-based access network has been envisioned as a promising complementary part of the future 6G network. Aside from terrestrial base stations, satellite nodes,…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2022-07-26 Zhenyu Xiao , Junyi Yang , Tianqi Mao , Chong Xu , Rui Zhang , Zhu Han , Xiang-Gen Xia

Low Earth Orbit (LEO) Satellite Network (SatNet) with their mega-constellations are expected to play a key role in providing ubiquitous Internet and communications services in the future. LEO SatNets will provide wide-area coverage and…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2021-10-19 Tasneem Darwish , Gunes Karabulut Kurt , Halim Yanikomeroglu , Michel Bellemare , Guillaume Lamontagne

With the rapid expansion of low Earth orbit (LEO) constellations, thousands of satellites are now in operation, many equipped with onboard GNSS receivers capable of continuous orbit determination and time synchronization. This development…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-01-14 Xing Liu , Xue Xian Zheng , José A. López-Salcedo , Tareq Y. Al-Naffouri , Gonzalo Seco-Granados

Low Earth Orbit (LEO) satellite networks introduce unique congestion control (CC) challenges due to frequent handovers, rapidly changing round-trip times (RTTs), and non-congestive loss. This paper presents the first comprehensive,…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2026-04-17 Mihai Mazilu , Aiden Valentine , George Parisis

Low Earth Orbit (LEO) satellite constellations are quickly being recognized as an upcoming extension of the Edge-Cloud Continuum into a 3D Continuum. Low-latency connectivity around the Earth and increasing computational power with every…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2025-06-03 Thomas Pusztai , Jan Hisberger , Cynthia Marcelino , Stefan Nastic

Interest in the use of the low earth orbit (LEO) in space - from $160 \text{ km}$ to $2000 \text{ km}$ - has skyrocketed; this is evident by the fact that National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) has partnered with various…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-02-11 Don-Roberts Emenonye , Harpreet S. Dhillon , R. Michael Buehrer

Low earth orbit (LEO) satellite-assisted communications have been considered as one of key elements in beyond 5G systems to provide wide coverage and cost-efficient data services. Such dynamic space-terrestrial topologies impose exponential…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2021-10-14 Yaxiong Yuan , Lei lei , Thang X. Vu , Zheng Chang , Symeon Chatzinotas , Sumei Sun

The standardization of 5G systems is entering in its critical phase, with 3GPP that will publish the PHY standard by June 2017. In order to meet the demanding 5G requirements both in terms of large throughput and global connectivity,…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2017-07-03 Oltjon Kodheli , Alessandro Guidotti , Alessandro Vanelli-Coralli

In this paper, we propose a terrestrial-satellite network (TSN) architecture to integrate the ultra-dense low earth orbit (LEO) networks and the terrestrial networks to achieve efficient data offloading. In TSN, each ground user can access…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2018-11-14 Boya Di , Hongliang Zhang , Lingyang Song , Yonghui Li , Geoffrey Ye Li

Interest in the integration of Terrestrial Networks (TN) and Non-Terrestrial Networks (NTN); primarily satellites; has been rekindled due to the potential of NTN to provide ubiquitous coverage. Especially with the peculiar and flexible…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2023-08-22 Chandan Kumar Sheemar , Sumit Kumar , Jorge Querol , Symeon Chatzinotas

The integration of Non-Terrestrial Networks (NTNs) with Low Earth Orbit (LEO) satellite constellations into 5G and Beyond is essential to achieve truly global connectivity. A distinctive characteristic of LEO mega constellations is that…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2026-03-16 Israel Leyva-Mayorga , Fabio Saggese , Lintao Li , Petar Popovski

Low Earth Orbit (LEO) Earth Observation (EO) satellites have changed the way we monitor Earth. Acting like moving cameras, EO satellites are formed in constellations with different missions and priorities, and capture vast data that needs…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2024-09-18 Xiaojian Wang , Ruozhou Yu , Dejun Yang , Guoliang Xue

Low-Earth-Orbit (LEO) satellite constellations are becoming integral to 6G infrastructure, but increasing in-orbit computation accelerates battery degradation and raises sustainability concerns. Meanwhile, renewable-heavy regions worldwide…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2026-05-06 Xiaoyi Fan , Yi Ching Chou , Hao Fang , Long Chen , Haoyuan Zhao , Ershun Du , Chongqing Kang , Zhe Chen , Jiangchuan Liu

With the first commercializations of 5G networks, Beyond 5G (B5G), or 6G, systems are starting to be defined. In this context, Internet of Things (IoT) services will be even more impactful with respect to 5G systems. In order to cope with…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2021-03-25 Alessandro Guidotti , Matteo Conti , Alessandro Vanelli-Coralli

The high mobility of satellites in Low Earth Orbit (LEO) mega-constellations induces a highly dynamic network topology, leading to many problems like frequent service disruptions. To mitigate this, Packet-based Load Balancing (PBLB) is…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2025-08-20 Xiyuan Liu , Guano Liu , Xiucheng Tian , Wenting Wei

Integrated satellite-terrestrial communications networks aim to exploit both the satellite and the ground mobile communications, thus providing genuine ubiquitous coverage. For 5G integrated low earth orbit (LEO) satellite communication…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2021-05-11 Wenjin Wang , Tingting Chen , Rui Ding , Gonzalo Seco-Granados , Li You , Xiqi Gao