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Bilevel optimization deals with nested problems in which a leader takes the first decision to minimize their objective function while accounting for a follower's best-response reaction. Constrained bilevel problems with integer variables…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2024-11-04 Justin Dumouchelle , Esther Julien , Jannis Kurtz , Elias B. Khalil

This paper investigates a class of stochastic bilevel optimization problems where the upper-level function is nonconvex with potentially unbounded smoothness and the lower-level problem is strongly convex. These problems have significant…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-01-16 Xiaochuan Gong , Jie Hao , Mingrui Liu

We present in this paper novel accelerated fully first-order methods in \emph{Bilevel Optimization} (BLO). Firstly, for BLO under the assumption that the lower-level functions admit the typical strong convexity assumption, the…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2024-07-10 Chris Junchi Li

In many applications, including Stackelberg games, machine learning, and power systems \cite{Mackay2018Selftuning,Heinrich1952The,Wang2021Bi-Level}, the decisions in a minimax optimization problem can be constrained by a solution to an…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2026-04-28 Yaling Hu , Jiani Wang , Yu-hong Dai , Xiaojiao Tong

Bilevel optimization is an important class of optimization problems where one optimization problem is nested within another. While various methods have emerged to address unconstrained general bilevel optimization problems, there has been a…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2024-03-15 Nazanin Abolfazli , Ruichen Jiang , Aryan Mokhtari , Erfan Yazdandoost Hamedani

Bilevel optimization is an important formulation for many machine learning problems. Current bilevel optimization algorithms assume that the gradient of the upper-level function is Lipschitz. However, recent studies reveal that certain…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-01-19 Jie Hao , Xiaochuan Gong , Mingrui Liu

We propose a new approach to solving bilevel optimization problems, intermediate between solving full-system optimality conditions with a Newton-type approach, and treating the inner problem as an implicit function. The overall idea is to…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2024-05-08 Ensio Suonperä , Tuomo Valkonen

We tackle the general differentiable meta learning problem that is ubiquitous in modern deep learning, including hyperparameter optimization, loss function learning, few-shot learning, invariance learning and more. These problems are often…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-10-15 Minyoung Kim , Timothy M. Hospedales

Contextual stochastic optimization is an advanced methodology to model uncertainty in the presence of contextual information during decision planning processes. Although classical methodologies focus on minimizing the expectation of a…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2025-11-24 Man Yiu Tsang , Tony Sit , Hoi Ying Wong

Necessary conditions for high-order optimality in smooth nonlinear constrained optimization are explored and their inherent intricacy discussed. A two-phase minimization algorithm is proposed which can achieve approximate first-, second-…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2021-05-31 C. Cartis , N. I. M. Gould , Ph. L. Toint

This work provides the first finite-time convergence guarantees for linearly constrained stochastic bilevel optimization using only first-order methods, requiring solely gradient information without any Hessian computations or second-order…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2025-11-18 Cac Phan , Kai Wang

This paper presents a comprehensive review of techniques proposed in the literature for solving bilevel optimization problems encountered in various real-life applications. Bilevel optimization is an appropriate choice for hierarchical…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2025-11-06 Dhaval Pujara , Ankur Sinha

Second-order optimality conditions of the bilevel programming problems are dependent on the second-order directional derivatives of the value functions or the solution mappings of the lower level problems under some regular conditions,…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2023-07-24 Xiang Liu , Mengwei Xu , Liwei Zhang

We propose an optimization proxy in terms of iterative implicit gradient methods for solving constrained optimization problems with nonconvex loss functions. This framework can be applied to a broad range of machine learning settings,…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2025-10-14 Harshal D. Kaushik , Ming Jin

Nonconvex and nonsmooth bi-level optimization poses critical theoretical challenges, while arising in several applications. In this work, we develop a method for nonconvex, nonsmooth bi-level optimization and introduce Binno, a first-order…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2026-05-05 Laura Selicato , Flavia Esposito , Andersen Ang

Bilevel optimization has arisen as a powerful tool for solving a variety of machine learning problems. Two current popular bilevel optimizers AID-BiO and ITD-BiO naturally involve solving one or two sub-problems, and consequently, whether…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-06-02 Kaiyi Ji , Mingrui Liu , Yingbin Liang , Lei Ying

The mathematical modeling of numerous real-world applications results in hierarchical optimization problems with two decision makers where at least one of them has to solve an optimal control problem of ordinary or partial differential…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2019-06-20 Patrick Mehlitz , Gerd Wachsmuth

The paper is devoted to obtain first and second order necessary optimality conditions for continuous-time optimization problems with equality and inequality constraints. A full rank type regularity condition along with an uniform implicit…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2023-05-10 Moisés Rodrigues Cirilo do Monte , Valeriano Antunes de Oliveira

In this paper, we study the regularity assumptions commonly adopted in bilevel optimization with constrained lower-level problems, including the linear independence constraint qualification, the strict complementary slackness condition, and…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2026-05-15 Xiaotian Jiang , Chang He , Mingyi Hong , Shuzhong Zhang

In this paper we study constraint qualifications and optimality conditions for bilevel programming problems. We strive to derive checkable constraint qualifications in terms of problem data and applicable optimality conditions. For the…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2019-10-10 Jane J. Ye