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Language exhibits inherent structures, a property that explains both language acquisition and language change. Given this characteristic, we expect language models to manifest their own internal structures as well. While interpretability…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-19 Haruki Sakajo , Frederikus Hudi , Yusuke Sakai , Hidetaka Kamigaito , Taro Watanabe

This study presents a framework for automated evaluation of dynamically evolving topic models using Large Language Models (LLMs). Topic modeling is essential for organizing and retrieving scholarly content in digital library systems,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-24 Zhiyin Tan , Jennifer D'Souza

Large language models (LLMs) are prone to generating factually incorrect outputs. Recent work has applied conformal prediction to provide uncertainty estimates and statistical guarantees for the factuality of LLM generations. However,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-16 Aleksandr Rubashevskii , Dzianis Piatrashyn , Preslav Nakov , Maxim Panov

Topic modeling is a widely used technique for revealing underlying thematic structures within textual data. However, existing models have certain limitations, particularly when dealing with short text datasets that lack co-occurring words.…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2023-12-18 Han Wang , Nirmalendu Prakash , Nguyen Khoi Hoang , Ming Shan Hee , Usman Naseem , Roy Ka-Wei Lee

Traditional neural topic models are typically optimized by reconstructing the document's Bag-of-Words (BoW) representations, overlooking contextual information and struggling with data sparsity. In this work, we propose a novel approach to…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-02-23 Raymond Li , Amirhossein Abaskohi , Chuyuan Li , Gabriel Murray , Giuseppe Carenini

The emerging in-context learning (ICL) ability of large language models (LLMs) has prompted their use for predictive tasks in various domains with different data types, including tabular data, facilitated by serialization methods. However,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-11-18 Karuna Bhaila , Minh-Hao Van , Kennedy Edemacu , Chen Zhao , Feng Chen , Xintao Wu

Language Generation Models produce words based on the previous context. Although existing methods offer input attributions as explanations for a model's prediction, it is still unclear how prior words affect the model's decision throughout…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-05-23 Javier Ferrando , Gerard I. Gállego , Ioannis Tsiamas , Marta R. Costa-jussà

This paper investigates the information encoded in the embeddings of large language models (LLMs). We conduct simulations to analyze the representation entropy and discover a power law relationship with model sizes. Building upon this…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-02-07 Zhiquan Tan , Chenghai Li , Weiran Huang

Large language models (LLMs) are trained on enormous amounts of data and encode knowledge in their parameters. We propose a pipeline to elicit causal relationships from LLMs. Specifically, (i) we sample many documents from LLMs on a given…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-05 Takashi Kameyama , Masahiro Kato , Yasuko Hio , Yasushi Takano , Naoto Minakawa

Rigorous evaluation of the causal effects of semantic features on language model predictions can be hard to achieve for natural language reasoning problems. However, this is such a desirable form of analysis from both an interpretability…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-04-04 Julia Rozanova , Marco Valentino , André Freitas

Despite the great potential of large language models(LLMs) in machine comprehension, it is still disturbing to fully count on them in real-world scenarios. This is probably because there is no rational explanation for whether the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-09-08 Yongjie Xiao , Hongru Liang , Peixin Qin , Yao Zhang , Wenqiang Lei

In this paper we explore where information is collected and how it is propagated throughout layers in large language models (LLMs). We begin by examining the surprising computational importance of punctuation tokens which previous work has…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-08-21 Sonakshi Chauhan , Maheep Chaudhary , Koby Choy , Samuel Nellessen , Nandi Schoots

Large Vision-Language Models (LVLMs) often suffer from object hallucination, making erroneous judgments about the presence of objects in images. We propose this primar- ily stems from spurious correlations arising when models strongly…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-11-14 Zhe Xu , Zhicai Wang , Junkang Wu , Jinda Lu , Xiang Wang

Despite the increasing use of large language models (LLMs) for context-grounded tasks like summarization and question-answering, understanding what makes an LLM produce a certain response is challenging. We propose Multi-Level Explanations…

While large language models (LLMs) play increasingly significant roles in society, research shows they continue to generate content that reflects social bias against sensitive groups. Existing benchmarks effectively identify these biases,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-12 Tian Xie , Tongxin Yin , Vaishakh Keshava , Xueru Zhang , Siddhartha Reddy Jonnalagadda

In-context learning is governed by both temporal and semantic relationships, shaping how Large Language Models (LLMs) retrieve contextual information. Analogous to human episodic memory, where the retrieval of specific events is enabled by…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-28 Anooshka Bajaj , Deven Mahesh Mistry , Sahaj Singh Maini , Yash Aggarwal , Zoran Tiganj

State of the art large language models (LLMs) have shown impressive performance on a variety of benchmark tasks and are increasingly used as components in larger applications, where LLM-based predictions serve as proxies for human…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-06-14 Michael Franke , Polina Tsvilodub , Fausto Carcassi

To mitigate the high inference latency stemming from autoregressive decoding in Large Language Models (LLMs), Speculative Decoding has emerged as a novel decoding paradigm for LLM inference. In each decoding step, this method first drafts…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-06-05 Heming Xia , Zhe Yang , Qingxiu Dong , Peiyi Wang , Yongqi Li , Tao Ge , Tianyu Liu , Wenjie Li , Zhifang Sui

Large language models (LLMs), when guided by explicit textual plans, can perform reliable step-by-step reasoning during problem-solving. However, generating accurate and effective textual plans remains challenging due to LLM hallucinations…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-01-01 Sijia Chen , Di Niu

Large pretrained language models (LLMs) have shown surprising In-Context Learning (ICL) ability. An important application in deploying large language models is to augment LLMs with a private database for some specific task. The main problem…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-05-09 Chunyan Zheng , Keke Sun , Wenhao Zhao , Haibo Zhou , Lixin Jiang , Shaoyang Song , Chunlai Zhou