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Prompt injection attacks are an emerging threat to large language models (LLMs), enabling malicious users to manipulate outputs through carefully designed inputs. Existing detection approaches often require centralizing prompt data,…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-11-18 Hasini Jayathilaka

The capability of generating high-quality source code using large language models (LLMs) reduces software development time and costs. However, they often introduce security vulnerabilities due to training on insecure open-source data. This…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2024-09-20 Mahmoud Nazzal , Issa Khalil , Abdallah Khreishah , NhatHai Phan

Research shows that analysts and developers consider privacy as a security concept or as an afterthought, which may lead to non-compliance and violation of users' privacy. Most current approaches, however, focus on extracting legal…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-07-01 Wilder Baldwin , Shashank Chintakuntla , Shreyah Parajuli , Ali Pourghasemi , Ryan Shanz , Sepideh Ghanavati

The ever-increasing size of open-source Large Language Models (LLMs) renders local deployment impractical for individual users. Decentralized computing has emerged as a cost-effective solution, allowing individuals and small companies to…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-03 Yifan Sun , Yuhang Li , Yue Zhang , Yuchen Jin , Huan Zhang

The increasing reliance on cloud-hosted Large Language Models (LLMs) exposes sensitive client data, such as prompts and responses, to potential privacy breaches by service providers. Existing approaches fail to ensure privacy, maintain…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-03-03 Chung-ju Huang , Huiqiang Zhao , Yuanpeng He , Lijian Li , Wenpin Jiao , Zhi Jin , Peixuan Chen , Leye Wang

With the advancement of Large Language Models (LLMs), significant progress has been made in code generation, enabling LLMs to transform natural language into programming code. These Code LLMs have been widely accepted by massive users and…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2023-12-14 Fangzhou Wu , Xiaogeng Liu , Chaowei Xiao

Individuals and businesses have been significantly benefited by Large Language Models (LLMs) including PaLM, Gemini and ChatGPT in various ways. For example, LLMs enhance productivity, reduce costs, and enable us to focus on more valuable…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-03-03 Xiaojin Zhang , Yahao Pang , Yan Kang , Wei Chen , Lixin Fan , Hai Jin , Qiang Yang

Large Language Models (LLMs) have achieved remarkable performance and received significant research interest. The enormous computational demands, however, hinder the local deployment on devices with limited resources. The current prevalent…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-02-13 Yujie Gu , Richeng Jin , Xiaoyu Ji , Yier Jin , Wenyuan Xu

The integration of Large Language Models (LLMs) into software engineering has revolutionized code generation, enabling unprecedented productivity through promptware and autonomous AI agents. However, this transformation introduces…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-08-19 Satyam Kumar Navneet , Joydeep Chandra

Security threats like prompt injection attacks pose significant risks to applications that integrate Large Language Models (LLMs), potentially leading to unauthorized actions such as API misuse. Unlike previous approaches that aim to detect…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-04-01 Shih-Han Chan

The widespread availability of large-scale code datasets has fueled the rapid development of large language models (LLMs) for code-related tasks. These datasets may include sensitive personally identifiable information (PII), which can lead…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-05-18 Yifei Ge , Zhenpeng Chen , Weisong Sun , Yuchen Chen , Chunrong Fang , Juan Zhai , Xiaofang Zhang , Xia Feng , Yang Liu , Zhenyu Chen

Privacy-preserving computation enables language model inference directly on encrypted data yet suffers from prohibitive latency and communication overheads, primarily due to nonlinear functions. Removing nonlinearities, however, can trigger…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-11-03 Nandan Kumar Jha , Brandon Reagen

As software grows in complexity to accommodate diverse features and platforms, software bloating has emerged as a significant challenge, adversely affecting performance and security. However, existing approaches inadequately address the…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-03-13 Bo Lin , Shangwen Wang , Yihao Qin , Liqian Chen , Xiaoguang Mao

An increasing number of companies have begun providing services that leverage cloud-based large language models (LLMs), such as ChatGPT. However, this development raises substantial privacy concerns, as users' prompts are transmitted to and…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-02-24 Shilong Hou , Ruilin Shang , Zi Long , Xianghua Fu , Yin Chen

Large language models (LLMs) have shown remarkable ability to generate code, yet their outputs often violate syntactic or semantic constraints when guided only through natural language prompts. We introduce TreeCoder, the most general and…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-04-27 Henrijs Princis , Arindam Sharma , Cristina David

The rapid advancement of Large Language Models (LLMs) has enhanced software development processes, minimizing the time and effort required for coding and enhancing developer productivity. However, despite their potential benefits, code…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-04-30 Swaroop Dora , Deven Lunkad , Naziya Aslam , S. Venkatesan , Sandeep Kumar Shukla

Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) is essential for enhancing Large Language Models (LLMs) with external knowledge, but its reliance on cloud environments exposes sensitive data to privacy risks. Existing privacy-preserving solutions…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-05-01 Zhijun Li , Minghui Xu , Huayi Qi , Wenxuan Yu , Tingchuang Zhang , Qiao Zhang , GuangYong Shang , Zhen Ma , Xiuzhen Cheng

Large language models (LLMs) are excellent few-shot learners. They can perform a wide variety of tasks purely based on natural language prompts provided to them. These prompts contain data of a specific downstream task -- often the private…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-11-19 Haonan Duan , Adam Dziedzic , Mohammad Yaghini , Nicolas Papernot , Franziska Boenisch

Large language models (LLMs) have shown great potential for automatic code generation and form the basis for various tools such as GitHub Copilot. However, recent studies highlight that many LLM-generated code contains serious security…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-09-11 Hossein Hajipour , Lea Schönherr , Thorsten Holz , Mario Fritz

The ability of machines to comprehend and produce language that is similar to that of humans has revolutionized sectors like customer service, healthcare, and finance thanks to the quick advances in Natural Language Processing (NLP), which…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-04-22 Swetha S , Ram Sundhar K Shaju , Rakshana M , Ganesh R , Balavedhaa S , Thiruvaazhi U