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The paper proposes summarized attribution-based post-hoc explanations for the detection and identification of bias in data. A global explanation is proposed, and a step-by-step framework on how to detect and test bias is introduced. Since…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-10-26 Agnieszka Mikołajczyk , Michał Grochowski , Arkadiusz Kwasigroch

Counterfactually Augmented Data (CAD) involves creating new data samples by applying minimal yet sufficient modifications to flip the label of existing data samples to other classes. Training with CAD enhances model robustness against…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-06-12 Xiaoqi Qiu , Yongjie Wang , Xu Guo , Zhiwei Zeng , Yue Yu , Yuhong Feng , Chunyan Miao

Counterfactual explanation methods provide information on how feature values of individual observations must be changed to obtain a desired prediction. Despite the increasing amount of proposed methods in research, only a few…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2023-09-19 Susanne Dandl , Andreas Hofheinz , Martin Binder , Bernd Bischl , Giuseppe Casalicchio

Counterfactual explanations promote explainability in machine learning models by answering the question "how should an input instance be perturbed to obtain a desired predicted label?". The comparison of this instance before and after…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-11-09 Jing Ma , Ruocheng Guo , Saumitra Mishra , Aidong Zhang , Jundong Li

Deep learning models in computer vision have made remarkable progress, but their lack of transparency and interpretability remains a challenge. The development of explainable AI can enhance the understanding and performance of these models.…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-01-14 Bismillah Khan , Syed Ali Tariq , Tehseen Zia , Muhammad Ahsan , David Windridge

Modern neural language models that are widely used in various NLP tasks risk memorizing sensitive information from their training data. Understanding this memorization is important in real world applications and also from a…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-10-17 Chiyuan Zhang , Daphne Ippolito , Katherine Lee , Matthew Jagielski , Florian Tramèr , Nicholas Carlini

Machine learning algorithms generally suffer from a problem of explainability. Given a classification result from a model, it is typically hard to determine what caused the decision to be made, and to give an informative explanation. We…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-06-26 Jonathan Moore , Nils Hammerla , Chris Watkins

Lewis' theory of counterfactuals is the foundation of many contemporary notions of causality. In this paper, we extend this theory in the temporal direction to enable symbolic counterfactual reasoning on infinite sequences, such as…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2023-06-16 Bernd Finkbeiner , Julian Siber

Recent papers in explainable AI have made a compelling case for counterfactual modes of explanation. While counterfactual explanations appear to be extremely effective in some instances, they are formally equivalent to adversarial examples.…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2020-12-21 Kieran Browne , Ben Swift

EXplainable AI has received significant attention in recent years. Machine learning models often operate as black boxes, lacking explainability and transparency while supporting decision-making processes. Local post-hoc explainability…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-05-24 Gianvincenzo Alfano , Sergio Greco , Domenico Mandaglio , Francesco Parisi , Reza Shahbazian , Irina Trubitsyna

Post-hoc importance attribution methods are a popular tool for "explaining" Deep Neural Networks (DNNs) and are inherently based on the assumption that the explanations can be applied independently of how the models were trained.…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-03-04 Siddhartha Gairola , Moritz Böhle , Francesco Locatello , Bernt Schiele

Counterfactual reasoning, a cornerstone of human cognition and decision-making, is often seen as the 'holy grail' of causal learning, with applications ranging from interpreting machine learning models to promoting algorithmic fairness.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-04-11 Yahya Aalaila , Gerrit Großmann , Sumantrak Mukherjee , Jonas Wahl , Sebastian Vollmer

Deep learning models exhibit a preference for statistical fitting over logical reasoning. Spurious correlations might be memorized when there exists statistical bias in training data, which severely limits the model performance especially…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-09-13 Wei Wang , Boxin Wang , Ning Shi , Jinfeng Li , Bingyu Zhu , Xiangyu Liu , Rong Zhang

Counterfactual explanations study what should have changed in order to get an alternative result, enabling end-users to understand machine learning mechanisms with counterexamples. Actionability is defined as the ability to transform the…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-08-05 Enrique Valero-Leal , Pedro Larrañaga , Concha Bielza

Counterfactual explanations are a common tool to explain artificial intelligence models. For Reinforcement Learning (RL) agents, they answer "Why not?" or "What if?" questions by illustrating what minimal change to a state is needed such…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-02-27 Tobias Huber , Maximilian Demmler , Silvan Mertes , Matthew L. Olson , Elisabeth André

The recent adoption of machine learning as a tool in real world decision making has spurred interest in understanding how these decisions are being made. Counterfactual Explanations are a popular interpretable machine learning technique…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-10-05 Andrew O'Brien , Edward Kim

Displaying confidence scores in human-AI interaction has been shown to help build trust between humans and AI systems. However, most existing research uses only the confidence score as a form of communication. As confidence scores are just…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2023-03-13 Thao Le , Tim Miller , Ronal Singh , Liz Sonenberg

The impressive performance of recent language models across a wide range of tasks suggests that they possess a degree of abstract reasoning skills. Are these skills general and transferable, or specialized to specific tasks seen during…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-04-01 Zhaofeng Wu , Linlu Qiu , Alexis Ross , Ekin Akyürek , Boyuan Chen , Bailin Wang , Najoung Kim , Jacob Andreas , Yoon Kim

Counterfactuals, or modified inputs that lead to a different outcome, are an important tool for understanding the logic used by machine learning classifiers and how to change an undesirable classification. Even if a counterfactual changes a…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-05-21 Jesse Friedbaum , Sudarshan Adiga , Ravi Tandon

Molecular property prediction is a crucial task that guides the design of new compounds, including drugs and materials. While explainable artificial intelligence methods aim to scrutinize model predictions by identifying influential…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-08-27 Łukasz Janisiów , Marek Kochańczyk , Bartosz Zieliński , Tomasz Danel