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In the digital age, ensuring the correctness, safety, and reliability of software through formal verification is paramount, particularly as software increasingly underpins critical infrastructure. Formal verification, split into theorem…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-04-03 Zhiyong Chen , Jialun Cao , Jiarong Wu , Chang Xu , Shing-Chi Cheung

A universal Turing machine is a powerful concept - a single device can compute any function that is computable. A universal spin model, similarly, is a class of physical systems whose low energy behavior simulates that of any spin system.…

Computational Complexity · Computer Science 2024-06-25 Tomáš Gonda , Gemma De les Coves

Proving programs terminating is a fundamental computer science challenge. Recent research has produced powerful tools that can check a wide range of programs for termination. The analog for probabilistic programs, namely termination with…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2012-04-16 Javier Esparza , Andreas Gaiser , Stefan Kiefer

Real-life conjectures do not come with instructions saying whether they they should be proven or, instead, refuted. Yet, as we now know, in either case the final argument produced had better be not just convincing but actually verifiable in…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2015-07-21 João Marcos

Machine learning has made remarkable advancements, but confidently utilising learning-enabled components in safety-critical domains still poses challenges. Among the challenges, it is known that a rigorous, yet practical, way of achieving…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-09-21 Saddek Bensalem , Chih-Hong Cheng , Wei Huang , Xiaowei Huang , Changshun Wu , Xingyu Zhao

Machine learning researchers and practitioners steadily enlarge the multitude of successful learning models. They achieve this through in-depth theoretical analyses and experiential heuristics. However, there is no known general-purpose…

Computational Complexity · Computer Science 2023-10-18 Matthias C. Caro

This article describes a Turing machine which can solve for $\beta^{'}$ which is RE-complete. RE-complete problems are proven to be undecidable by Turing's accepted proof on the Entscheidungsproblem. Thus, constructing a machine which…

Computational Complexity · Computer Science 2018-04-24 Mark Inman

The demand for formal verification tools for neural networks has increased as neural networks have been deployed in a growing number of safety-critical applications. Matrices are a data structure essential to formalising neural networks.…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2022-07-18 Remi Desmartin , Grant Passmore , Ekaterina Komendantskaya

Digital twins have emerged as a powerful technology for modeling and simulating complex systems across various domains (Fuller et al., 2020; Tao et al., 2019). As virtual representations of physical assets, processes, or systems, digital…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-07-08 Gabriella Waters

We present VERIFAI, a software toolkit for the formal design and analysis of systems that include artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML) components. VERIFAI particularly seeks to address challenges with applying formal…

Formal methods yet advantageous, face challenges towards wide acceptance and adoption in software development practices. The major reason being presumed complexity. The issue can be addressed by academia with a thoughtful plan of teaching…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2019-06-05 Mansur Khazeev , Manuel Mazzara , Daniel De Carvalho , Hamna Aslam

Many Formal Languages and Automata Theory courses introduce students to Turing machine extensions. One of the most widely-used extensions endows Turing machines with multiple tapes. Although multitape Turing machines are an abstraction to…

Formal Languages and Automata Theory · Computer Science 2025-08-06 Marco T. Morazán , Oliwia Kempinski , Andrés M. Garced

Universality is one of the most important ideas in computability theory. There are various criteria of simplicity for universal Turing machines. Probably the most popular one is to count the number of states/symbols. This criterion is more…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2009-06-18 Cristian S. Calude

We compare the values associated with (traditional) community based proof verification to those associated with computer proof verification. We propose ways that computer proofs might incorporate successful strategies from human…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2023-05-05 Andrew Granville

Formal verification has emerged as a powerful approach to ensure the safety and reliability of deep neural networks. However, current verification tools are limited to only a handful of properties that can be expressed as first-order…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2022-03-03 Xuan Xie , Kristian Kersting , Daniel Neider

A program invariant is a property that holds for every execution of the program. Recent work suggest to infer likely-only invariants, via dynamic analysis. A likely invariant is a property that holds for some executions but is not…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2007-05-23 Tristan Denmat , Arnaud Gotlieb , Mireille Ducasse

Precondition inference is a non-trivial problem with important applications in program analysis and verification. We present a novel iterative method for automatically deriving preconditions for the safety and unsafety of programs. Each…

Programming Languages · Computer Science 2023-06-22 Bishoksan Kafle , Graeme Gange , Peter J. Stuckey , Peter Schachte , Harald Sondergaard

Computer Algebra systems are widely spread because of some of their remarkable features such as their ease of use and performance. Nonetheless, this focus on performance sometimes leads to unwanted consequences: algorithms and computations…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2014-01-27 Jesús Aransay , Jose Divasón

Generative Artificial Intelligence (GenAI) has demonstrated its capabilities in the present world that reduce human effort significantly. It utilizes deep learning techniques to create original and realistic content in terms of text,…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-12-11 Aman Kumar , Deepak Narayan Gadde

Neural networks are one of the most investigated and widely used techniques in Machine Learning. In spite of their success, they still find limited application in safety- and security-related contexts, wherein assurance about networks'…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2018-05-28 Francesco Leofante , Nina Narodytska , Luca Pulina , Armando Tacchella