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(Stochastic) bilevel optimization is a frequently encountered problem in machine learning with a wide range of applications such as meta-learning, hyper-parameter optimization, and reinforcement learning. Most of the existing studies on…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-03-16 Meng Ding , Mingxi Lei , Yunwen Lei , Di Wang , Jinhui Xu

It is well known that bilevel optimization problems are hard to solve both in theory and practice. In this paper, we highlight a further computational difficulty when it comes to solving bilevel problems with continuous but nonconvex lower…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2023-05-04 Yasmine Beck , Daniel Bienstock , Martin Schmidt , Johannes Thürauf

Inverse problems are key issues in several scientific areas, including signal processing and medical imaging. Data-driven approaches for inverse problems aim for learning model and regularization parameters from observed data samples, and…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2024-11-28 Mathias Staudigl , Simon Weissmann , Tristan van Leeuwen

Many large-scale constrained optimization problems can be formulated as bilevel distributed optimization tasks over undirected networks, where agents collaborate to minimize a global cost function while adhering to constraints, relying only…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2025-11-25 Ajay Tak , Mayank Baranwal

Convex optimization problems arising in applications often have favorable objective functions and complicated constraints, thereby precluding first-order methods from being immediately applicable. We describe an approach that exchanges the…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2016-02-05 Aleksandr Y. Aravkin , James V. Burke , Dmitriy Drusvyatskiy , Michael P. Friedlander , Scott Roy

Bi-level optimization model is able to capture a wide range of complex learning tasks with practical interest. Due to the witnessed efficiency in solving bi-level programs, gradient-based methods have gained popularity in the machine…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2021-06-16 Risheng Liu , Xuan Liu , Xiaoming Yuan , Shangzhi Zeng , Jin Zhang

Bilevel Optimization has witnessed notable progress recently with new emerging efficient algorithms. However, its application in the Federated Learning setting remains relatively underexplored, and the impact of Federated Learning's…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-02-28 Junyi Li , Feihu Huang , Heng Huang

A bilevel optimization problem consists of two optimization problems nested as an upper- and a lower-level problem, in which the optimality of the lower-level problem defines a constraint for the upper-level problem. This paper considers…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-27 Takuya Kanayama , Yuki Ito , Tomoyuki Tamura , Masayuki Karasuyama

Bilevel optimization problems are a class of challenging optimization problems, which contain two levels of optimization tasks. In these problems, the optimal solutions to the lower level problem become possible feasible candidates to the…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2013-10-08 Ankur Sinha , Pekka Malo , Kalyanmoy Deb

Bilevel optimization recently has attracted increased interest in machine learning due to its many applications such as hyper-parameter optimization and meta learning. Although many bilevel methods recently have been proposed, these methods…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2023-02-21 Feihu Huang , Junyi Li , Shangqian Gao

In this paper, we present difference of convex algorithms for solving bilevel programs in which the upper level objective functions are difference of convex functions, and the lower level programs are fully convex. This nontrivial class of…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2022-08-30 Jane J. Ye , Xiaoming Yuan , Shangzhi Zeng , Jin Zhang

This work formulates the machine learning mechanism as a bi-level optimization problem. The inner level optimization loop entails minimizing a properly chosen loss function evaluated on the training data. This is nothing but the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-01-27 Maziar Raissi

Single-objective bilevel optimization is a specialized form of constraint optimization problems where one of the constraints is an optimization problem itself. These problems are typically non-convex and strongly NP-Hard. Recently, there…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2024-02-13 Anuraganand Sharma

In this paper, we focus on the nonconvex-strongly-convex bilevel optimization problem (BLO). In this BLO, the objective function of the upper-level problem is nonconvex and possibly nonsmooth, and the lower-level problem is smooth and…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2022-12-26 Xiaoyin Hu , Nachuan Xiao , Xin Liu , Kim-Chuan Toh

Motivated by high-dimensional nonlinear optimization problems as well as ill-posed optimization problems arising in image processing, we consider a bilevel optimization model where we seek among the optimal solutions of the inner level…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2018-09-27 Harshal Kaushik , Farzad Yousefian

Bilevel optimization has witnessed a resurgence of interest, driven by its critical role in trustworthy and efficient AI applications. While many recent works have established convergence to stationary points or local minima, obtaining the…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2024-12-25 Quan Xiao , Tianyi Chen

We study optimization algorithms for the finite sum problems frequently arising in machine learning applications. First, we propose novel variants of stochastic gradient descent with a variance reduction property that enables linear…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2017-07-06 Jakub Konečný

Bi-level optimization has achieved considerable success in contemporary machine learning applications, especially for given proper hyperparameters. However, due to the two-level optimization structure, commonly, researchers focus on two…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-11-26 Congliang Chen , Li Shen , Zhiqiang Xu , Wei Liu , Zhi-Quan Luo , Peilin Zhao

We propose techniques for approximating bilevel optimization problems with non-smooth lower level problems that can have a non-unique solution. To this end, we substitute the expression of a minimizer of the lower level minimization problem…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2016-04-27 Peter Ochs , René Ranftl , Thomas Brox , Thomas Pock

We consider joint optimization and learning problems arising in real-time decision systems. While most existing work focuses primarily on convex, revenue-based objectives, we extend this line of research to multi-objective formulations. In…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2026-04-14 Zijun Li , Aswin Kannan