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While many have shown how Large Language Models (LLMs) can be applied to a diverse set of tasks, the critical issues of data contamination and memorization are often glossed over. In this work, we address this concern for tabular data.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-03-12 Sebastian Bordt , Harsha Nori , Rich Caruana

Large language models are widespread, with their performance on benchmarks frequently guiding user preferences for one model over another. However, the vast amount of data these models are trained on can inadvertently lead to contamination…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-02-13 Jasper Dekoninck , Mark Niklas Müller , Maximilian Baader , Marc Fischer , Martin Vechev

In machine learning, contamination refers to situations where testing data leak into the training set. The issue is particularly relevant for the evaluation of the performance of Large Language Models (LLMs), which are generally trained on…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-23 Nicolas Yax , Pierre-Yves Oudeyer , Stefano Palminteri

We present Contamination Detection via Context (CoDeC), a practical and accurate method to detect and quantify training data contamination in large language models. CoDeC distinguishes between data memorized during training and data outside…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-13 Michał Zawalski , Meriem Boubdir , Klaudia Bałazy , Besmira Nushi , Pablo Ribalta

Recent advances in Vision-Language Models (VLMs) have achieved state-of-the-art performance on numerous benchmark tasks. However, the use of internet-scale, often proprietary, pretraining corpora raises a critical concern for both…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-03 Jaden Park , Mu Cai , Feng Yao , Jingbo Shang , Soochahn Lee , Yong Jae Lee

Multilingual toxicity detection remains a significant challenge due to the scarcity of training data and resources for many languages. While prior work has leveraged the translate-test paradigm to support cross-lingual transfer across a…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-09-19 Samuel J. Bell , Eduardo Sánchez , David Dale , Pontus Stenetorp , Mikel Artetxe , Marta R. Costa-jussà

Public benchmarks play an essential role in the evaluation of large language models. However, data contamination can lead to inflated performance, rendering them unreliable for model comparison. It is therefore crucial to detect…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-05-28 Jasper Dekoninck , Mark Niklas Müller , Martin Vechev

Language models pre-trained on web-scale corpora demonstrate impressive capabilities on diverse downstream tasks. However, there is increasing concern whether such capabilities might arise from evaluation datasets being included in the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-01-12 Minhao Jiang , Ken Ziyu Liu , Ming Zhong , Rylan Schaeffer , Siru Ouyang , Jiawei Han , Sanmi Koyejo

Data contamination poses a significant threat to the reliable evaluation of Large Language Models (LLMs). This issue arises when benchmark samples may inadvertently appear in training sets, compromising the validity of reported performance.…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-19 Yongding Tao , Tian Wang , Yihong Dong , Huanyu Liu , Kechi Zhang , Xiaolong Hu , Ge Li

Data contamination is a known threat to the reliability of model evaluation. However, it remains underexplored in code large language models (LLMs), where contamination often goes beyond exact duplication. We present TRACER, a…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-05-26 Yifeng Di , Xuliang Huang , Tianyi Zhang

Large language models pretrained on extensive web corpora demonstrate remarkable performance across a wide range of downstream tasks. However, a growing concern is data contamination, where evaluation datasets may be contained in the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-07-12 Medha Palavalli , Amanda Bertsch , Matthew R. Gormley

Large language models (LLMs) have demonstrated great performance across various benchmarks, showing potential as general-purpose task solvers. However, as LLMs are typically trained on vast amounts of data, a significant concern in their…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-05-13 Yujuan Fu , Ozlem Uzuner , Meliha Yetisgen , Fei Xia

In recent years, code intelligence has gained increasing importance in the field of automated software engineering. Meanwhile, the widespread adoption of Pretrained Language Models (PLMs) and Large Language Models (LLMs) has raised concerns…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-02-09 Zhen Yang , Hongyi Lin , Yifan He , Junqi Wang , Zeyu Sun , Shuo Liu , Jie Xu , Pengpeng Wang , Zhongxing Yu , Qingyuan Liang

In recent years, Large Language Models (LLMs) have become widely used in medical applications, such as clinical decision support, medical education, and medical question answering. Yet, these models are often English-centric, limiting their…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-02-06 Chaimae Abouzahir , Congbo Ma , Nizar Habash , Farah E. Shamout

Leaderboards for LRMs have turned evaluation into a competition, incentivizing developers to optimize directly on benchmark suites. A shortcut to achieving higher rankings is to incorporate evaluation benchmarks into the training data,…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-03-03 Han Wang , Haoyu Li , Brian Ko , Huan Zhang

Evidence-enhanced detectors present remarkable abilities in identifying malicious social text. However, the rise of large language models (LLMs) brings potential risks of evidence pollution to confuse detectors. This paper explores…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-05-30 Herun Wan , Minnan Luo , Zhixiong Su , Guang Dai , Xiang Zhao

Recent statements about the impressive capabilities of large language models (LLMs) are usually supported by evaluating on open-access benchmarks. Considering the vast size and wide-ranging sources of LLMs' training data, it could…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-06-03 Yihong Dong , Xue Jiang , Huanyu Liu , Zhi Jin , Bin Gu , Mengfei Yang , Ge Li

Large language models (LLMs) are commonly evaluated on challenging benchmarks such as AIME and Math500, where benchmark contamination can make memorized solutions appear as genuine reasoning. Existing detection methods largely rely on…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-12 Zirui He , Haiyan Zhao , Yingcong Li , Ali Payani , Mengnan du

Public leaderboards increasingly suggest that large language models (LLMs) surpass human experts on benchmarks spanning academic knowledge, law, and programming. Yet most benchmarks are fully public, their questions widely mirrored across…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-03-18 Eshwar Reddy M , Sourav Karmakar

The problem of data contamination is now almost inevitable during the development of large language models (LLMs), with the training data commonly integrating those evaluation benchmarks even unintentionally. This problem subsequently makes…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-09-19 Ruijie Hou , Yueyang Jiao , Hanxu Hu , Yingming Li , Wai Lam , Huajian Zhang , Hongyuan Lu