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Data depth functions are a generalization of one-dimensional order statistics and medians to real spaces of dimension greater than one; in particular, a data depth function quantifies the centrality of a point with respect to a data set or…

Statistics Theory · Mathematics 2016-05-17 Michael Burr , Robert Fabrizio

The concept of depth has proved very important for multivariate and functional data analysis, as it essentially acts as a surrogate for the notion a ranking of observations which is absent in more than one dimension. Motivated by the rapid…

Methodology · Statistics 2021-07-30 Gery Geenens , Alicia Nieto-Reyes , Giacomo Francisci

Data depths are score functions that quantify in an unsupervised fashion how central is a point inside a distribution, with numerous applications such as anomaly detection, multivariate or functional data analysis, arising across various…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2025-07-14 Arturo Castellanos , Pavlo Mozharovskyi

We propose a novel measure of statistical depth, the metric spatial depth, for data residing in an arbitrary metric space. The measure assigns high (low) values for points located near (far away from) the bulk of the data distribution,…

Statistics Theory · Mathematics 2023-06-19 Joni Virta

The concept of data depth leads to a center-outward ordering of multivariate data, and it has been effectively used for developing various data analytic tools. While different notions of depth were originally developed for finite…

Methodology · Statistics 2014-02-13 Anirvan Chakraborty , Probal Chaudhuri

Data depth is a concept in multivariate statistics that measures the centrality of a point in a given data cloud in $\IR^d$. If the depth of a point can be represented as the minimum of the depths with respect to all one-dimensional…

Computation · Statistics 2020-07-17 Rainer Dyckerhoff , Pavlo Mozharovskyi , Stanislav Nagy

The notion of data depth has long been in use to obtain robust location and scale estimates in a multivariate setting. The depth of an observation is a measure of its centrality, with respect to a data set or a distribution. The data depths…

Methodology · Statistics 2009-09-29 Sara López-Pintado , Rebecka Jornsten

During the past two decades there has been a lot of interest in developing statistical depth notions that generalize the univariate concept of ranking to multivariate data. The notion of depth has also been extended to regression models and…

Methodology · Statistics 2015-08-18 Peter J. Rousseeuw , Mia Hubert

The computational complexity of some depths that satisfy the projection property, such as the halfspace depth or the projection depth, is known to be high, especially for data of higher dimensionality. In such scenarios, the exact depth is…

Statistics Theory · Mathematics 2021-05-28 Stanislav Nagy , Rainer Dyckerhoff , Pavlo Mozharovskyi

The concept of median/consensus has been widely investigated in order to provide a statistical summary of ranking data, i.e. realizations of a random permutation $\Sigma$ of a finite set, $\{1,\; \ldots,\; n\}$ with $n\geq 1$ say. As it…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-01-21 Morgane Goibert , Stéphan Clémençon , Ekhine Irurozki , Pavlo Mozharovskyi

Statistical depth measures the centrality of a point with respect to a given distribution or data cloud. It provides a natural center-outward ordering of multivariate data points and yields a systematic nonparametric multivariate analysis…

Statistics Theory · Mathematics 2015-10-30 John H. J. Einmahl , Jun Li , Regina Y. Liu

The Oja depth (simplicial volume depth) is one of the classical statistical techniques for measuring the central tendency of data in multivariate space. Despite the widespread emergence of object data like images, texts, matrices or graphs,…

Methodology · Statistics 2026-03-31 Vida Zamanifarizhandi , Joni Virta

The design of a metric between probability distributions is a longstanding problem motivated by numerous applications in Machine Learning. Focusing on continuous probability distributions on the Euclidean space $\mathbb{R}^d$, we introduce…

Anomaly detection is a branch of data analysis and machine learning which aims at identifying observations that exhibit abnormal behaviour. Be it measurement errors, disease development, severe weather, production quality default(s) (items)…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2024-07-11 Pavlo Mozharovskyi , Romain Valla

As a measure for the centrality of a point in a set of multivariate data, statistical depth functions play important roles in multivariate analysis, because one may conveniently construct descriptive as well as inferential procedures…

Methodology · Statistics 2017-10-12 Xiaohui Liu , Yuanyuan Li

Data analysis and data mining are concerned with unsupervised pattern finding and structure determination in data sets. "Structure" can be understood as symmetry and a range of symmetries are expressed by hierarchy. Such symmetries directly…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2015-03-17 Fionn Murtagh , Pedro Contreras

Statistical depth is the act of gauging how representative a point is compared to a reference probability measure. The depth allows introducing rankings and orderings to data living in multivariate, or function spaces. Though widely applied…

Statistics Theory · Mathematics 2021-05-28 George Wynne , Stanislav Nagy

A data depth measures the centrality of a point with respect to an empirical distribution. Postulates are formulated, which a depth for functional data should satisfy, and a general approach is proposed to construct multivariate data depths…

Methodology · Statistics 2018-01-31 Karl Mosler , Yulia Polyakova

Identification of the center of a data cloud is one of the basic problems in statistics. One popular choice for such a center is the median, and several versions of median in finite dimensional spaces have been studied in the literature. In…

Statistics Theory · Mathematics 2014-02-13 Anirvan Chakraborty , Probal Chaudhuri

Depth is a concept that measures the `centrality' of a point in a given data cloud or in a given probability distribution. Every depth defines a family of so-called trimmed regions. For statistical applications it is desirable that with…

Statistics Theory · Mathematics 2017-04-13 Rainer Dyckerhoff
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