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Learning systems must balance generalization across experiences with discrimination of task-relevant details. Effective learning therefore requires representations that support both. Online latent-cause models support incremental inference…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-20 Ines Aitsahalia , Kiyohito Iigaya

Key-Value (KV) cache plays a crucial role in accelerating inference in large language models (LLMs) by storing intermediate attention states and avoiding redundant computation during autoregressive generation. However, its memory footprint…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-04-14 Yuzhen Mao , Qitong Wang , Martin Ester , Ke Li

Large Language Model (LLM) inference is increasingly constrained by GPU memory capacity rather than compute throughput, driven by growing model sizes and the linear growth of the key-value (KV) cache during autoregressive decoding. Existing…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-03 Nikhil Gopal , Kostis Kaffes

Context lengths of Large Language Models (LLMs) have exploded in recent years, with 128k-token context becoming a standard and million-token context becoming a reality. Efficiently supporting long-context inference remains challenging as…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-08 Isaac Rehg

Large Reasoning Models (LRMs) are becoming integral to many AI inference systems, enhancing their capabilities with advanced reasoning. However, deploying these models in production environments presents a significant QoS challenge: the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-15 Kaiwen Chen , Xin Tan , Minchen Yu , Jingzong Li , Hong Xu

Integrating vision models into large language models (LLMs) has sparked significant interest in creating vision-language foundation models, especially for video understanding. Recent methods often utilize memory banks to handle untrimmed…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-04-09 Sakib Reza , Xiyun Song , Heather Yu , Zongfang Lin , Mohsen Moghaddam , Octavia Camps

Vision-Language Large Models (VLLMs) face significant efficiency challenges when processing high-resolution inputs. The quadratic complexity in attention and autoregressive generation, as well as the constantly growing key value (KV) cache…

Multimedia · Computer Science 2025-10-31 Zhonghua Jiang , Kunxi Li , Yiyun Zhou , Sihao Liu , Zhaode Wang , Chengfei lv , Shengyu Zhang

Video Large Language Models (Video LLMs) have shown remarkable progress in understanding and reasoning about visual content, particularly in tasks involving text recognition and text-based visual question answering (Text VQA). However,…

The transformer's context window is vital for tasks such as few-shot learning and conditional generation as it preserves previous tokens for active memory. However, as the context lengths increase, the computational costs grow…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-04-01 Jeffrey Willette , Heejun Lee , Youngwan Lee , Myeongjae Jeon , Sung Ju Hwang

Real-time streaming video understanding in domains such as autonomous driving and intelligent surveillance poses challenges beyond conventional offline video processing, requiring continuous perception, proactive decision making, and…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-04-30 Haolin Yang , Feilong Tang , Lingxiao Zhao , Xinlin Zhuang , Yifan Lu , Xiang An , Ming Hu , Xiaofeng Zhang , Abdalla Swikir , Junjun He , Zongyuan Ge , Muhammad Haris Khan , Imran Razzak

Context retrieval systems for LLM inference face a critical challenge: high retrieval latency creates a fundamental tension between waiting for complete context (poor time-to-first-token) and proceeding without it (reduced quality).…

Databases · Computer Science 2026-05-19 Rajveer Bachkaniwala , Chengqi Luo , Richard So , Divya Mahajan , Kexin Rong

Video Large Language Models (VideoLLMs) have demonstrated impressive capabilities in video understanding, yet the massive number of input video tokens incurs a significant computational burden for deployment. Existing methods mainly prune…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-04-03 Yansong Guo , Chaoyang Zhu , Jiayi Ji , Jianghang Lin , Liujuan Cao

Transformers have emerged as the underpinning architecture for Large Language Models (LLMs). In generative language models, the inference process involves two primary phases: prompt processing and token generation. Token generation, which…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-04-09 Muhammad Adnan , Akhil Arunkumar , Gaurav Jain , Prashant J. Nair , Ilya Soloveychik , Purushotham Kamath

Multimodal large language models (MLLMs) have demonstrated remarkable potential for enhancing scene understanding in autonomous driving systems through powerful logical reasoning capabilities. However, the deployment of these models faces…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-09-18 Yunsheng Ma , Amr Abdelraouf , Rohit Gupta , Ziran Wang , Kyungtae Han

Large language models (LLMs) are typically served from clusters of GPUs/NPUs that consist of large number of devices. Unfortunately, communication between these devices incurs significant overhead, increasing the inference latency and cost…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-05-27 Ahmet Caner Yüzügüler , Jiawei Zhuang , Lukas Cavigelli

Deploying Large Language Models (LLMs) in streaming applications such as multi-round dialogue, where long interactions are expected, is urgently needed but poses two major challenges. Firstly, during the decoding stage, caching previous…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-04-09 Guangxuan Xiao , Yuandong Tian , Beidi Chen , Song Han , Mike Lewis

Referring Video Object Segmentation (RVOS) aims to segment an object of interest throughout a video based on a language description. The prominent challenge lies in aligning static text with dynamic visual content, particularly when objects…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-09-09 Bingrui Zhao , Lin Yuanbo Wu , Xiangtian Fan , Deyin Liu , Lu Zhang , Ruyi He , Jialie Shen , Ximing Li

Transformer-based large language models (LLMs) demonstrate impressive performance across various natural language processing tasks. Serving LLM inference for generating long contents, however, poses a challenge due to the enormous memory…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-07-01 Wonbeom Lee , Jungi Lee , Junghwan Seo , Jaewoong Sim

Streaming vision-language models (VLMs) continuously generate responses given an instruction prompt and an online stream of input frames. This is a core mechanism for real-time visual assistants. Existing VLM frameworks predominantly assess…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-05-07 Pavan Kumar Anasosalu Vasu , Cem Koc , Fartash Faghri , Chun-Liang Li , Bo Feng , Zhengfeng Lai , Meng Cao , Oncel Tuzel , Hadi Pouransari

We introduce Hierarchical Streaming Video Understanding, a task that combines online temporal action localization with free-form description generation. Given the scarcity of datasets with hierarchical and fine-grained temporal annotations,…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-09-16 Hyolim Kang , Yunsu Park , Youngbeom Yoo , Yeeun Choi , Seon Joo Kim