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A decade ago, Alexei Kitaev proposed an exactly solvable $S$ = 1/2 model on a two-dimensional honeycomb lattice, where the spins fractionalize into Majorana fermions and form a topological quantum spin liquid (QSL) in the ground state. It…

Strongly Correlated Electrons · Physics 2022-01-21 Hidenori Takagi , Tomohiro Takayama , George Jackeli , Giniyat Khaliullin , Stephen E. Nagler

One of the most important issues in modern condensed matter physics is the realization of fractionalized excitations, such as the Majorana excitations in the Kitaev quantum spin liquid. To this aim, the 3d-based Kitaev material Na2Co2TeO6…

The main question we address is how to probe the fractionalized excitations of a quantum spin liquid (QSL), for example, in the Kitaev honeycomb model. By analyzing the energy spectrum and entanglement entropy, for antiferromagnetic…

Strongly Correlated Electrons · Physics 2019-05-08 David C. Ronquillo , Adu Vengal , Nandini Trivedi

The Kitaev model on a honeycomb lattice predicts a paradigmatic quantum spin liquid (QSL) exhibiting Majorana Fermion excitations. The insight that Kitaev physics might be realized in practice has stimulated investigations of candidate…

Topological states of matter such as quantum spin liquids (QSLs) are of great interest because of their remarkable predicted properties including protection of quantum information and the emergence of Majorana fermions. Such QSLs, however,…

Quantum spin liquid involves fractionalized quasipariticles such as spinons and visons. They are expressed as itinerant Majorana fermions and $Z_2$ fluxes in the Kitaev model with bond-dependent exchange interactions on a honeycomb spin…

Strongly Correlated Electrons · Physics 2020-02-05 Y. Nagai , T. Jinno , Y. Yoshitake , J. Nasu , Y. Motome , M. Itoh , Y. Shimizu

Kitaev quantum spin liquid is a topological magnetic quantum state characterized by Majorana fermions of fractionalized spin excitations, which are identical to their own antiparticles. Here, we demonstrate emergence of Majorana fermions…

Quantum entanglement in strongly correlated electron systems often leads to exotic elementary excitations. Quantum spin liquids (QSLs) provide a paradigmatic example, where the elementary excitations are described by fractional…

Strongly Correlated Electrons · Physics 2025-03-10 Yasuyuki Kato , Joji Nasu , Masahiro Sato , Tsuyoshi Okubo , Takahiro Misawa , Yukitoshi Motome

Quantum spin liquid is a disordered magnetic state with fractional spin excitations. Its clearest example is found in an exactly solved Kitaev honeycomb model where a spin flip fractionalizes into two types of anyons, quasiparticles that…

Strongly Correlated Electrons · Physics 2018-05-10 N. Janša , A. Zorko , M. Gomilšek , M. Pregelj , K. W. Krämer , D. Biner , A. Biffin , Ch. Rüegg , M. Klanjšek

We present the theory of dynamical spin-response for the Kitaev honeycomb model, obtaining exact results for the structure factor (SF) in gapped and gapless, Abelian and non-Abelian quantum spin-liquid (QSL) phases. We also describe the…

Strongly Correlated Electrons · Physics 2015-09-23 J. Knolle , D. L. Kovrizhin , J. T. Chalker , R. Moessner

Topological states of matter present a wide variety of striking new phenomena. Prominent among these is the fractionalisation of electrons into unusual particles: Majorana fermions [1], Laughlin quasiparticles [2] or magnetic monopoles [3].…

Strongly Correlated Electrons · Physics 2014-05-26 J. Knolle , D. L. Kovrizhin , J. T. Chalker , R. Moessner

A prominent feature of quantum spin liquids is fractionalization of the spin degree of freedom. Fractionalized excitations have their own dynamics in different energy scales, and hence, affect finite-temperature ($T$) properties in a…

Strongly Correlated Electrons · Physics 2017-08-04 Junki Yoshitake , Joji Nasu , Yasuyuki Kato , Yukitoshi Motome

We investigate the signatures of fractionalization in quantum spin liquids by studying different phases of the Kitaev honeycomb model in the presence of an out-of-plane magnetic field through which the model becomes non-integrable. Using…

Strongly Correlated Electrons · Physics 2025-03-13 Kang Wang , Shi Feng , Penghao Zhu , Runze Chi , Hai-Jun Liao , Nandini Trivedi , Tao Xiang

The exactly-solvable Kitaev model of two-dimensional honeycomb magnet leads to a quantum spin liquid (QSL) characterized by Majorana fermions, relevant for fault-tolerant topological quantum computations. In the high-field paramagnetic…

Strongly Correlated Electrons · Physics 2022-09-13 O. Tanaka , Y. Mizukami , R. Harasawa , K. Hashimoto , K. Hwang , N. Kurita , H. Tanaka , S. Fujimoto , Y. Matsuda , E. -G. Moon , T. Shibauchi

Frustrated quantum magnets can harbor unconventional spin liquid ground states in which the elementary magnetic moments fractionalize into new emergent degrees of freedom. While the fractionalization of quantum numbers is one of the…

Strongly Correlated Electrons · Physics 2016-07-12 Kevin O'Brien , Maria Hermanns , Simon Trebst

The Kitaev model belongs to an unconventional class of two-dimensional spin systems characterized by anisotropic, bond-dependent interactions that give rise to Quantum Spin Liquid (QSL) states. These exotic phases, marked by the absence of…

Strongly Correlated Electrons · Physics 2026-01-29 A. R. Moura , L. V. Santos

The pure Kitaev honeycomb model harbors a quantum spin liquid in zero magnetic fields, while applying finite magnetic fields induces a topological spin liquid with non-Abelian anyonic excitations. This latter phase has been much sought…

Strongly Correlated Electrons · Physics 2020-03-31 Dirk Wulferding , Youngsu Choi , Seung-Hwan Do , Chan Hyeon Lee , Peter Lemmens , Clement Faugeras , Yann Gallais , Kwang-Yong Choi

The honeycomb Kitaev spin model provides a quantum spin liquid in the ground state, where the spin excitations are fractionalized into itinerant and localized Majorana fermions; the former spectrum has a broad continuum ranging up to a high…

Strongly Correlated Electrons · Physics 2019-10-09 Joji Nasu , Yukitoshi Motome

Quantum spin liquids (QSLs) represent exotic states of matter where quantum spins interact strongly yet evade long-range magnetic order down to absolute zero. Characterized by non-local quantum entanglement and resultant fractionalized…

Strongly Correlated Electrons · Physics 2025-12-05 Yuji Matsuda , Takasada Shibauchi , Hae-Young Kee

Fractionalization is a hallmark of spin-liquid behavior; it typically leads to response functions consisting of continua instead of sharp modes. However, microscopic processes can enable the formation of short-distance bound states of…

Strongly Correlated Electrons · Physics 2017-08-09 Hugo Theveniaut , Matthias Vojta
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