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Recent experiments have implemented resetting by means of a time-varying external harmonic trap whereby the trap stiffness is changed from an initial to a final value in finite-time and then the system is reset when it relaxes to an…

Statistical Mechanics · Physics 2025-07-21 Deepak Gupta , Kristian Stølevik Olsen , Supriya Krishnamurthy

We prove that statistical information theoretic quantities, such as information entropy, cannot generally be interrelated with the lower limit of energy dissipation during information erasure. We also point out that, in deterministic and…

Emerging Technologies · Computer Science 2016-02-09 Laszlo B. Kish , Claes-G. Granqvist , Sunil P. Khatri , Ferdinand Peper

Erasure of the binary memory, 0 or 1, is an essential step for digital computation involving irreversible logic operations. The erasure of a bit of a classical bit of memory is accompanied by the evolution of a minimum amount of heat set by…

Statistical Mechanics · Physics 2026-04-14 Vipul Rai , Moupriya Das

The energy cost of erasing a bit of information was fundamentally lower bounded by Landauer, in terms of the temperature of its environment: $W\geq k_\mathrm{B} T \ln 2$. However, in real electronic devices, the information-bearing system…

The energy cost of erasing quantum states depends on our knowledge of the states. We show that learning algorithms can acquire such knowledge to erase many copies of an unknown state at the optimal energy cost. This is proved by showing…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-12-30 Haimeng Zhao , Yuzhen Zhang , John Preskill

One of the major resource requirements of computers - ranging from biological cells to human brains to high-performance (engineered) computers - is the energy used to run them. Those costs of performing a computation have long been a focus…

Statistical Mechanics · Physics 2025-08-06 David H. Wolpert

Using a double-well potential as a physical memory, we study with experiments and numerical simulations the energy exchanges during erasure processes, and model quantitatively the cost of fast operation. Within the stochastic thermodynamics…

Statistical Mechanics · Physics 2022-02-22 Salambô Dago , Ludovic Bellon

The tradeoff relation between speed and cost is a central issue in designing fast and efficient information processing devices. We derive an achievable bound on thermodynamic cost for obtaining information through finite-time…

Statistical Mechanics · Physics 2024-05-16 Rihito Nagase , Takahiro Sagawa

The fundamental lower bounds of the thermodynamic energy cost (work) needed for the measurement and the erasure of information are found. The lower bound for the erasure vindicates the "Landauer's principle" for a special case, but…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2015-05-13 Takahiro Sagawa , Masahito Ueda

Thermodynamic cost of communication is a major factor in the thermodynamic cost of real-world computers, both biological and digital. Despite its importance, the fundamental principles underlying this cost remain poorly understood. This…

Statistical Mechanics · Physics 2025-12-29 Abhishek Yadav , David Wolpert

Erasing memory is a fundamental operational task in quantum information processing, governed by Landauer's principle, which links information loss to thermodynamic work. We introduce and analyze assisted quantum erasure, where correlations…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-12-08 Mir Alimuddin , Nathan Shettell , Raja Yehia , Antonio Acín , Federico Centrone

We investigate the performance of majority-logic decoding in both reversible and finite-time information erasure processes performed on macroscopic bits that contain $N$ microscopic binary units. While we show that for reversible erasure…

Statistical Mechanics · Physics 2019-03-19 Shiqi Sheng , Tim Herpich , Giovanni Diana , Massimiliano Esposito

We generalize stochastic thermodynamics to include information reservoirs. Such information reservoirs, which can be modeled as a sequence of bits, modify the second law. For example, work extraction from a system in contact with a single…

Statistical Mechanics · Physics 2014-11-17 Andre C. Barato , Udo Seifert

The goal of thermodynamic optimal control theory is to find protocols to change the state of a system from an initial to a desired final distribution, within a finite time, with the least possible expenditure of work. The optimal protocol…

Statistical Mechanics · Physics 2025-12-18 Daan Mulder , Thomas E. Ouldridge , Pieter Rein ten Wolde

The Landauer principle bridges the energetic cost and information processing, showing that irreversible computation inevitably demands energy dissipation. As energy demands from computation continue to rise, approximate computing has…

Statistical Mechanics · Physics 2026-05-26 Yoshihiko Hasegawa

Framing computation as the transformation of metastable memories, we explore its fundamental thermodynamic limits. The true power of information follows from a novel decomposition of nonequilibrium free energy derived here, which provides a…

Statistical Mechanics · Physics 2018-08-13 Paul M. Riechers

We consider how the energy cost of bit reset scales with the time duration of the protocol. Bit reset necessarily takes place in finite time, where there is an extra penalty on top of the quasistatic work cost derived by Landauer. This…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-01-23 Yi-Zheng Zhen , Dario Egloff , Kavan Modi , Oscar Dahlsten

Hardware neural networks that implement synaptic weights with embedded non-volatile memory, such as spin torque memory (ST-MRAM), are a major lead for low energy artificial intelligence. In this work, we propose an approximate storage…

Emerging Technologies · Computer Science 2018-10-26 Nicolas Locatelli , Adrien F. Vincent , Damien Querlioz

Landauer's principle states that the erasure of one bit of information requires the free energy kT ln 2. We argue that the reliability of the bit erasure process is bounded by the accuracy inherent in the statistical state of the energy…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2007-05-23 Dominik Janzing , Pawel Wocjan , Robert Zeier , Rubino Geiss , Thomas Beth

In this article, we focus on erasure of a bit of information in finite time. Landauer's principle states that the average heat dissipation due to erasure of information is k_B T ln 2, which is achievable only in an asymptotic manner. Recent…

Statistical Mechanics · Physics 2018-09-26 James Melbourne , Saurav Talukdar , Murti Salapaka