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Deep reinforcement learning (DRL) has made significant achievements in many real-world applications. But these real-world applications typically can only provide partial observations for making decisions due to occlusions and noisy sensors.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-12-13 Yinbo Yu , Jiajia Liu , Shouqing Li , Kepu Huang , Xudong Feng

Deep learning models are widely deployed in many applications, such as object detection in various security fields. However, these models are vulnerable to backdoor attacks. Most backdoor attacks were intensively studied on classified…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-09-19 Yaguan Qian , Boyuan Ji , Shuke He , Shenhui Huang , Xiang Ling , Bin Wang , Wei Wang

The current state-of-the-art backdoor attacks against Reinforcement Learning (RL) rely upon unrealistically permissive access models, that assume the attacker can read (or even write) the victim's policy parameters, observations, or…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-05-27 Shijie Liu , Andrew C. Cullen , Paul Montague , Sarah Erfani , Benjamin I. P. Rubinstein

The safety of decentralized reinforcement learning (RL) is a challenging problem since malicious agents can share their poisoned policies with benign agents. The paper investigates a cooperative backdoor attack in a decentralized…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-05-27 Mengtong Gao , Yifei Zou , Zuyuan Zhang , Xiuzhen Cheng , Dongxiao Yu

Backdoor attacks pose a serious threat to deep reinforcement learning (DRL). Current defenses typically rely on reward anomalies to reverse-engineer triggers and model finetuning to remove backdoors. However, complex trigger patterns…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-05-08 Yinbo Yu , Xueyu Yin , Jiadai Wang , Chunwei Tian , Sai Xu , Qi Zhu , Daoqiang Zhang

Reinforcement learning (RL) has achieved remarkable success across diverse domains, enabling autonomous systems to learn and adapt to dynamic environments by optimizing a reward function. However, this reliance on reward signals creates a…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-12-01 Bokang Zhang , Chaojun Lu , Jianhui Li , Junfeng Wu

Backdoor attacks, or trojans, pose a security risk by concealing undesirable behavior in deep neural network models. Open-source neural networks are downloaded from the internet daily, possibly containing backdoors, and third-party model…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-12-16 Chace Ashcraft , Ted Staley , Josh Carney , Cameron Hickert , Derek Juba , Kiran Karra , Nathan Drenkow

Reinforcement learning (RL) is an actively growing field that is seeing increased usage in real-world, safety-critical applications -- making it paramount to ensure the robustness of RL algorithms against adversarial attacks. In this work…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-10-22 Ethan Rathbun , Christopher Amato , Alina Oprea

Backdoor attacks in reinforcement learning (RL) have previously employed intense attack strategies to ensure attack success. However, these methods suffer from high attack costs and increased detectability. In this work, we propose a novel…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-12-21 Jing Cui , Yufei Han , Yuzhe Ma , Jianbin Jiao , Junge Zhang

Reinforcement learning (RL) makes an agent learn from trial-and-error experiences gathered during the interaction with the environment. Recently, offline RL has become a popular RL paradigm because it saves the interactions with…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-03-21 Chen Gong , Zhou Yang , Yunpeng Bai , Junda He , Jieke Shi , Kecen Li , Arunesh Sinha , Bowen Xu , Xinwen Hou , David Lo , Tianhao Wang

Recent research has confirmed the feasibility of backdoor attacks in deep reinforcement learning (RL) systems. However, the existing attacks require the ability to arbitrarily modify an agent's observation, constraining the application…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2021-12-14 Lun Wang , Zaynah Javed , Xian Wu , Wenbo Guo , Xinyu Xing , Dawn Song

Backdoor attacks on reinforcement learning implant a backdoor in a victim agent's policy. Once the victim observes the trigger signal, it will switch to the abnormal mode and fail its task. Most of the attacks assume the adversary can…

Multiagent Systems · Computer Science 2022-11-22 Shuo Chen , Yue Qiu , Jie Zhang

This paper investigates the threat of backdoors in Deep Reinforcement Learning (DRL) agent policies and proposes a novel method for their detection at runtime. Our study focuses on elusive in-distribution backdoor triggers. Such triggers…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-07-23 Sanyam Vyas , Chris Hicks , Vasilios Mavroudis

Recent advances in vision-language-action (VLA) models have greatly improved embodied AI, enabling robots to follow natural language instructions and perform diverse tasks. However, their reliance on uncurated training datasets raises…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-10-13 Zirun Zhou , Zhengyang Xiao , Haochuan Xu , Jing Sun , Di Wang , Jingfeng Zhang

Federated learning is a promising approach for training machine learning models while preserving data privacy. However, its distributed nature makes it vulnerable to backdoor attacks, particularly in NLP tasks, where related research…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-07-31 Minyeong Choe , Cheolhee Park , Changho Seo , Hyunil Kim

As artificial intelligence becomes more prevalent in our lives, people are enjoying the convenience it brings, but they are also facing hidden threats, such as data poisoning and adversarial attacks. These threats can have disastrous…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-02-21 Yong Li , Han Gao

Simulated environments are a key piece in the success of Reinforcement Learning (RL), allowing practitioners and researchers to train decision making agents without running expensive experiments on real hardware. Simulators remain a…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-03-19 Ethan Rathbun , Wo Wei Lin , Alina Oprea , Christopher Amato

Offline Reinforcement Learning (RL) enables policy optimization from static datasets but is inherently vulnerable to backdoor attacks. Existing attack strategies typically struggle against safety-constrained algorithms (e.g., CQL) due to…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-01-16 Yuanjie Zhao , Junnan Qiu , Yue Ding , Jie Li

Federated learning (FL) is widely used in Internet-of-Things (IoT) systems, but its distributed training process also exposes it to backdoor attacks. Existing studies mainly consider single-target or centralized multi-target settings, while…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-05-05 Tao Liu , Dapeng Man , Jiguang Lv , Chen Xu , Weiye Xi , Huanran Wang , Yuhang Zhang , Tianming Zhao , Wu Yang

Recent studies have demonstrated that reinforcement learning (RL) agents are susceptible to adversarial manipulation, similar to vulnerabilities previously demonstrated in the supervised learning setting. While most existing work studies…

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