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Reliable detection of various objects and road users in the surrounding environment is crucial for the safe operation of automated driving systems (ADS). Despite recent progresses in developing highly accurate object detectors based on Deep…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-03-05 Hakan Yekta Yatbaz , Mehrdad Dianati , Konstantinos Koufos , Roger Woodman

In machine learning the best performance on a certain task is achieved by fully supervised methods when perfect ground truth labels are available. However, labels are often noisy, especially in remote sensing where manually curated public…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2019-03-18 Nicolas Girard , Guillaume Charpiat , Yuliya Tarabalka

Predicting how the world can evolve in the future is crucial for motion planning in autonomous systems. Classical methods are limited because they rely on costly human annotations in the form of semantic class labels, bounding boxes, and…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-05-02 Tarasha Khurana , Peiyun Hu , David Held , Deva Ramanan

This report presents the design and implementation of a semi-automated data annotation pipeline developed within the DARTS project, whose goal is to create a large-scale, multimodal dataset of driving scenarios recorded in Polish…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-01-01 Andrii Gamalii , Daniel Górniak , Robert Nowak , Bartłomiej Olber , Krystian Radlak , Jakub Winter

In recent years, supervised learning has become the dominant paradigm for training deep-learning based methods for 3D object detection. Lately, the academic community has studied 3D object detection in the context of autonomous vehicles…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-03-14 Wesley Chen , Andrew Edgley , Raunak Hota , Joshua Liu , Ezra Schwartz , Aminah Yizar , Neehar Peri , James Purtilo

Environment perception and representation are some of the most critical tasks in automated driving. To meet the stringent needs of safety standards such as ISO 26262 there is a need for efficient quantitative evaluation of the perceived…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2020-04-29 Fredrik Schalling , Sebastian Ljungberg , Naveen Mohan

High-quality labeled data is essential for training robust machine learning models, yet obtaining annotations at scale remains expensive. AI-assisted annotation has therefore become standard in large-scale labeling workflows. However, in…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2026-05-13 Moussa Kassem Sbeyti , Joshua Holstein , Philipp Spitzer , Nadja Klein , Gerhard Satzger

Response timing measures play a crucial role in the assessment of automated driving systems (ADS) in collision avoidance scenarios, including but not limited to establishing human benchmarks and comparing ADS to human driver response…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2025-07-30 Shu-Yuan Liu , Johan Engström , Gustav Markkula

As automated vehicles are getting closer to becoming a reality, it will become mandatory to be able to characterise the performance of their obstacle detection systems. This validation process requires large amounts of ground-truth data,…

Human annotation is always considered as ground truth in video object tracking tasks. It is used in both training and evaluation purposes. Thus, ensuring its high quality is an important task for the success of trackers and evaluations…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2019-11-11 Yu Pang , Xinyi Li , Lin Yuan , Haibin Ling

Autonomous driving has rapidly developed and shown promising performance due to recent advances in hardware and deep learning techniques. High-quality datasets are fundamental for developing reliable autonomous driving algorithms. Previous…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-04-24 Mingyu Liu , Ekim Yurtsever , Jonathan Fossaert , Xingcheng Zhou , Walter Zimmer , Yuning Cui , Bare Luka Zagar , Alois C. Knoll

Annotating a large-scale in-the-wild person re-identification dataset especially of marathon runners is a challenging task. The variations in the scenarios such as camera viewpoints, resolution, occlusion, and illumination make the problem…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2021-04-08 Pranjal Singh Rajput , Yeshwanth Napolean , Jan van Gemert

This work studies the semantic segmentation of 3D LiDAR data in dynamic scenes for autonomous driving applications. A system of semantic segmentation using 3D LiDAR data, including range image segmentation, sample generation, inter-frame…

Robotics · Computer Science 2018-09-05 Jilin Mei , Biao Gao , Donghao Xu , Wen Yao , Xijun Zhao , Huijing Zhao

The past few years have witnessed an increasing interest in improving the perception performance of LiDARs on autonomous vehicles. While most of the existing works focus on developing new deep learning algorithms or model architectures, we…

Robotics · Computer Science 2022-05-05 Hanjiang Hu , Zuxin Liu , Sharad Chitlangia , Akhil Agnihotri , Ding Zhao

We propose a semi-automatic bounding box annotation method for visual object tracking by utilizing temporal information with a tracking-by-detection approach. For detection, we use an off-the-shelf object detector which is trained…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2022-03-01 Kutalmis Gokalp Ince , Aybora Koksal , Arda Fazla , A. Aydin Alatan

Machine learning (ML) and artificial intelligence (AI) systems rely heavily on human-annotated data for training and evaluation. A major challenge in this context is the occurrence of annotation errors, as their effects can degrade model…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-09-27 Heinrich Peters , Alireza Hashemi , James Rae

Recently there has been growing interest in the use of aerial and satellite map data for autonomous vehicles, primarily due to its potential for significant cost reduction and enhanced scalability. Despite the advantages, aerial data also…

The image-based 3D object detection task expects that the predicted 3D bounding box has a ``tightness'' projection (also referred to as cuboid), which fits the object contour well on the image while still keeping the geometric attribute on…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-09-13 Jieqi Shi , Peiliang Li , Xiaozhi Chen , Shaojie Shen

The great progress of 3D object detectors relies on large-scale data and 3D annotations. The annotation cost for 3D bounding boxes is extremely expensive while the 2D ones are easier and cheaper to collect. In this paper, we introduce a…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2022-11-16 Jinrong Yang , Tiancai Wang , Zheng Ge , Weixin Mao , Xiaoping Li , Xiangyu Zhang

Data annotation is essential but highly error-prone in the development of AI-enabled perception systems (AIePS) for automated driving, and its quality directly influences model performance, safety, and reliability. However, the industry…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-11-21 Hina Saeeda , Tommy Johansson , Mazen Mohamad , Eric Knauss