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Large Language Models (LLMs) have shown greatly enhanced performance in recent years, attributed to increased size and extensive training data. This advancement has led to widespread interest and adoption across industries and the public.…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-06-19 Victoria Smith , Ali Shahin Shamsabadi , Carolyn Ashurst , Adrian Weller

It is commonplace to produce application-specific models by fine-tuning large pre-trained models using a small bespoke dataset. The widespread availability of foundation model checkpoints on the web poses considerable risks, including the…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-04-02 Yuxin Wen , Leo Marchyok , Sanghyun Hong , Jonas Geiping , Tom Goldstein , Nicholas Carlini

Generative models have demonstrated revolutionary success in various visual creation tasks, but in the meantime, they have been exposed to the threat of leaking private information of their training data. Several membership inference…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2023-10-31 Minxing Zhang , Ning Yu , Rui Wen , Michael Backes , Yang Zhang

The rise of generative image models leads to privacy concerns when it comes to the huge datasets used to train such models. This paper investigates the possibility of inferring if a set of face images was used for fine-tuning a Latent…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-03-05 Lauritz Christian Holme , Anton Mosquera Storgaard , Siavash Arjomand Bigdeli

Large Reasoning Models (LRMs) have achieved remarkable performance across diverse domains, yet their decision-making under conflicting objectives remains insufficiently understood. This work investigates how LRMs respond to harmful queries…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-04-14 Honghao Liu , Chengjin Xu , Xuhui Jiang , Cehao Yang , Shengming Yin , Zhengwu Ma , Lionel Ni , Jian Guo

Deep learning has achieved overwhelming success, spanning from discriminative models to generative models. In particular, deep generative models have facilitated a new level of performance in a myriad of areas, ranging from media…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-11-24 Dingfan Chen , Ning Yu , Yang Zhang , Mario Fritz

This paper presents how to leak private information from a wireless signal classifier by launching an over-the-air membership inference attack (MIA). As machine learning (ML) algorithms are used to process wireless signals to make decisions…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2020-06-26 Yi Shi , Kemal Davaslioglu , Yalin E. Sagduyu

Membership inference attacks (MIAs) pose a critical threat to the privacy of training data in deep learning. Despite significant progress in attack methodologies, our understanding of when and how models encode membership information during…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-08-05 Yuetian Chen , Zhiqi Wang , Nathalie Baracaldo , Swanand Ravindra Kadhe , Lei Yu

Learned recommender systems may inadvertently leak information about their training data, leading to privacy violations. We investigate privacy threats faced by recommender systems through the lens of membership inference. In such attacks,…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2022-06-29 Zihan Wang , Na Huang , Fei Sun , Pengjie Ren , Zhumin Chen , Hengliang Luo , Maarten de Rijke , Zhaochun Ren

While Deep Neural Networks (DNNs) have demonstrated remarkable performance in tasks related to perception and control, there are still several unresolved concerns regarding the privacy of their training data, particularly in the context of…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-05-14 Andrey V. Galichin , Mikhail Pautov , Alexey Zhavoronkin , Oleg Y. Rogov , Ivan Oseledets

Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) and Supervised Finetuning (SFT) have become the predominant paradigms for equipping Large Language Models (LLMs) with external knowledge for diverse, knowledge-intensive tasks. However, while such…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-12-04 Haowei Fu , Bo Ni , Han Xu , Kunpeng Liu , Dan Lin , Tyler Derr

Machine learning models are prone to memorizing sensitive data, making them vulnerable to membership inference attacks in which an adversary aims to infer whether an input sample was used to train the model. Over the past few years,…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2022-08-23 Xinlei He , Zheng Li , Weilin Xu , Cory Cornelius , Yang Zhang

Most flagship language models generate explicit reasoning chains, enabling inference-time scaling. However, producing these reasoning chains increases token usage (i.e., reasoning tokens), which in turn increases latency and costs. Our…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-05 Abhinav Kumar , Jaechul Roh , Ali Naseh , Marzena Karpinska , Mohit Iyyer , Amir Houmansadr , Eugene Bagdasarian

Large reasoning models (LRMs) have emerged as a significant advancement in artificial intelligence, representing a specialized class of large language models (LLMs) designed to tackle complex reasoning tasks. The defining characteristic of…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-07-25 Biao Yi , Zekun Fei , Jianing Geng , Tong Li , Lihai Nie , Zheli Liu , Yiming Li

Membership inference attacks are one of the simplest forms of privacy leakage for machine learning models: given a data point and model, determine whether the point was used to train the model. Existing membership inference attacks exploit…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2021-12-07 Christopher A. Choquette-Choo , Florian Tramer , Nicholas Carlini , Nicolas Papernot

Federated Learning (FL) enables collaborative model training while keeping training data localized, allowing us to preserve privacy in various domains including remote sensing. However, recent studies show that FL models may still leak…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-01-13 Anh-Kiet Duong , Petra Gomez-Krämer , Hoàng-Ân Lê , Minh-Tan Pham

Large Reasoning Models (LRMs) achieve remarkable success through explicit thinking steps, yet the thinking steps introduce a novel risk by potentially amplifying unsafe behaviors. Despite this vulnerability, conventional defense mechanisms…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-01-08 Su-Hyeon Kim , Hyundong Jin , Yejin Lee , Yo-Sub Han

Large language models are often assumed to acquire increasingly structured, generalizable internal representations simply by scaling data and parameters. We interrogate this assumption by introducing a Clinical Trial Natural Language…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-08-15 Maël Jullien , Marco Valentino , André Freitas

Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) has been an effective approach to mitigate hallucinations in large language models (LLMs) by incorporating up-to-date and domain-specific knowledge. Recently, there has been a trend of storing up-to-date…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-02-11 Mingrui Liu , Sixiao Zhang , Cheng Long

Reinforcement learning (RL) has catalyzed the emergence of Large Reasoning Models (LRMs) that have pushed reasoning capabilities to new heights. While their performance has garnered significant excitement, exploring the internal mechanisms…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-01-29 Yi Hu , Jiaqi Gu , Ruxin Wang , Zijun Yao , Hao Peng , Xiaobao Wu , Jianhui Chen , Muhan Zhang , Liangming Pan