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Cat states are an important resource for fault-tolerant quantum computing, where they serve as building blocks for a variety of fault-tolerant primitives. Consequently, the ability to prepare high-quality cat states at large fault distances…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-01-08 Tom Peham , Erik Weilandt , Robert Wille

The preparation of a quantum state using a noisy quantum computer (gate noise strength $\delta$), will necessarily affect an O($\delta$)-fraction of the qubits, no matter which protocol is used. Here, we show that fault-tolerant quantum…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-02-20 Matthias Christandl , Omar Fawzi , Ashutosh Goswami

We propose a method for universal fault-tolerant quantum computation using concatenated quantum error correcting codes. Namely, other than computational basis state preparation as required by the DiVincenzo criteria [1], our scheme requires…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2014-04-02 Tomas Jochym-O'Connor , Raymond Laflamme

Quantum computing is believed to be particularly useful for the simulation of chemistry and materials, among the various applications. In recent years, there have been significant advancements in the development of near-term quantum…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2022-10-12 Guoming Wang , Sukin Sim , Peter D. Johnson

The overhead cost of performing universal fault-tolerant quantum computation for large scale quantum algorithms is very high. Despite several attempts at alternative schemes, magic state distillation remains one of the most efficient…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2020-10-30 Christopher Chamberland , Kyungjoo Noh

Reliable quantum computation requires fault-tolerant protocols to prevent errors from propagating during syndrome extraction in quantum error correction. We present a novel fault-tolerant syndrome extraction technique for CSS codes, which…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-04-21 Diego Forlivesi , Lorenzo Valentini , Marco Chiani

Preparing arbitrary logical states is a central primitive for universal fault-tolerant quantum computation and the cost of encoded-state preparation contributes directly to the overall resource overhead. This makes the synthesis of…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-05-18 Tom Peham , Matthew Steinberg , Robert Wille , Sascha Heußen

With gate error rates in multiple technologies now below the threshold required for fault-tolerant quantum computation, the major remaining obstacle to useful quantum computation is scaling, a challenge greatly amplified by the huge…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2021-12-09 Kianna Wan , Soonwon Choi , Isaac H. Kim , Noah Shutty , Patrick Hayden

High-rate and large-distance quantum codes are expected to make fault-tolerant quantum computing more efficient, but most of them lack efficient fault-tolerant encoded-state preparation methods. We propose such a fault-tolerant encoder for…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-09-22 Naoyuki Kanomata , Hayato Goto

Fault-tolerant (FT) preparation of diverse logical stabilizer states in quantum error-correcting (QEC) codes is essential for FT computation. Existing constructions of these FT circuits are often constrained by classical computational…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-03-30 Diego Forlivesi , David Amaro

We reduce the extra qubits needed for two fault-tolerant quantum computing protocols: error correction, specifically syndrome bit measurement, and cat state preparation. For distance-three fault-tolerant syndrome extraction, we show an…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-10-25 Prithviraj Prabhu , Ben W. Reichardt

Quantum computing promises to solve problems previously deemed infeasible. However, high error rates necessitate quantum error correction for practical applications. Seminal experiments with zoned neutral atom architectures have shown…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-06-03 Yannick Stade , Ludwig Schmid , Lukas Burgholzer , Robert Wille

We investigate a family of fault-tolerant quantum error correction schemes based on the concatenation of small error detection or error correction codes with the three-dimensional cluster state. We propose fault-tolerant state preparation…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-08-23 Zhaoyi Li , Isaac Kim , Patrick Hayden

The ability to fault-tolerantly prepare CAT states, also known as multi-qubit GHZ states, is an important primitive for quantum error correction. It is required for Shor-style syndrome extraction, and can also be used as a subroutine for…

Quantum error correction methods use processing power to combat noise. The noise level which can be tolerated in a fault-tolerant method is therefore a function of the computational resources available, especially the size of computer and…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2015-06-26 Andrew Steane

In this paper we demonstrate how data encoded in a five-qubit quantum error correction code can be converted, fault-tolerantly, into a seven-qubit Steane code. This is achieved by progressing through a series of codes, each of which…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2011-12-13 Charles D. Hill , Austin G. Fowler , David S. Wang , Lloyd C. L. Hollenberg

Steane code is one of the most widely studied quantum error-correction codes, which is a natural choice for fault-tolerant quantum computation (FTQC). However, the original Steane code is not fault-tolerant because the CNOT gates in an…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-03-08 Qiqing Xia , Huiqin Xie , Li Yang

Low-depth random circuit codes possess many desirable properties for quantum error correction but have so far only been analyzed in the code capacity setting where it is assumed that encoding gates and syndrome measurements are noiseless.…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-12-01 Jon Nelson , Gregory Bentsen , Steven T. Flammia , Michael J. Gullans

Quantum error correcting code can diagnose potential errors and correct them based on measured outcomes by leveraging syndrome measurement. However, mid-circuit measurement has been technically challenging for early fault-tolerant quantum…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-05-09 Yunzhe Zheng , Keita Kanno

Quantum state preparation is an important subroutine for quantum computing. We show that any $n$-qubit quantum state can be prepared with a $\Theta(n)$-depth circuit using only single- and two-qubit gates, although with a cost of an…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-04-25 Xiao-Ming Zhang , Tongyang Li , Xiao Yuan