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In this paper, we introduce UI-Genie, a self-improving framework addressing two key challenges in GUI agents: verification of trajectory outcome is challenging and high-quality training data are not scalable. These challenges are addressed…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-05-28 Han Xiao , Guozhi Wang , Yuxiang Chai , Zimu Lu , Weifeng Lin , Hao He , Lue Fan , Liuyang Bian , Rui Hu , Liang Liu , Shuai Ren , Yafei Wen , Xiaoxin Chen , Aojun Zhou , Hongsheng Li

LLM-based (Large Language Model) GUI (Graphical User Interface) agents can potentially reshape our daily lives significantly. However, current LLM-based GUI agents suffer from the scarcity of high-quality training data owing to the…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-05-26 Danyang Zhang , Situo Zhang , Ziyue Yang , Zichen Zhu , Zihan Zhao , Ruisheng Cao , Lu Chen , Kai Yu

Recent advancements in visual language models (VLMs) have notably enhanced their capabilities in handling complex Graphical User Interface (GUI) interaction tasks. Despite these improvements, current frameworks often struggle to generate…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-04-23 Zhiyuan Hu , Shiyun Xiong , Yifan Zhang , See-Kiong Ng , Anh Tuan Luu , Bo An , Shuicheng Yan , Bryan Hooi

Graphical User Interface (GUI) Agents powered by Multimodal Large Language Models (MLLMs) show significant potential for automating tasks. However, they often struggle with long-horizon tasks, leading to frequent failures. Process Reward…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-10-06 Tao Xiong , Xavier Hu , Yurun Chen , Yuhang Liu , Changqiao Wu , Pengzhi Gao , Wei Liu , Jian Luan , Shengyu Zhang

Reinforcement Learning (RL) has the potential to improve the robustness of GUI agents in stochastic environments, yet training is highly sensitive to the quality of the reward function. Existing reward approaches struggle to achieve both…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-03-20 Zehao Li , Zhenyu Wu , Yibo Zhao , Bowen Yang , Jingjing Xie , Zhaoyang Liu , Zhoumianze Liu , Kaiming Jin , Jianze Liang , Zonglin Li , Feng Wu , Bowen Zhou , Zun Wang , Zichen Ding

Agentic Reinforcement Learning (Agentic RL) has achieved notable success in enabling agents to perform complex reasoning and tool use. However, most methods still relies on sparse outcome-based reward for training. Such feedback fails to…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-04-29 Kaixuan Fan , Kaituo Feng , Manyuan Zhang , Tianshuo Peng , Zhixun Li , Yilei Jiang , Shuang Chen , Peng Pei , Xunliang Cai , Xiangyu Yue

Reinforcement Learning (RL) has emerged as a mainstream paradigm for training Mobile GUI Agents, yet it struggles with the temporal credit assignment problem inherent in long-horizon tasks. A primary challenge lies in the trade-off between…

Recent advancements in Graphical User Interface (GUI) agents have predominantly focused on training paradigms like supervised fine-tuning (SFT) and reinforcement learning (RL). However, the challenge of high-dynamic GUI environments remains…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-05-11 Enqi Liu , Liyuan Pan , Zhi Gao , Yan Yang , Chenrui Shi , Yang Liu , Jingrong Wu , Qing Li

Large language models (LLMs) have demonstrated remarkable capabilities across a range of text-generation tasks. However, LLMs still struggle with problems requiring multi-step decision-making and environmental feedback, such as online…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-02-18 Zhenfang Chen , Delin Chen , Rui Sun , Wenjun Liu , Chuang Gan

Recently, there has been a surge of vision-based GUI agents designed to automate everyday mobile and web tasks. These agents interpret raw GUI screenshots and autonomously decide where to click, scroll, or type, which bypasses handcrafted…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-07-09 Yucheng Shi , Wenhao Yu , Zaitang Li , Yonglin Wang , Hongming Zhang , Ninghao Liu , Haitao Mi , Dong Yu

As autonomous agents become adept at understanding and interacting with graphical user interface (GUI) environments, a new era of automated task execution is emerging. Recent studies have demonstrated that Reinforcement Learning (RL) can…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-03-16 Songqin Nong , Xiaoxuan Tang , Jingxuan Xu , Sheng Zhou , Jianfeng Chen , Tao Jiang , Wenhao Xu

The integration of Large Language Model (LLM) agents is transforming recommender systems from simple query-item matching towards deeply personalized and interactive recommendations. Reinforcement Learning (RL) provides an essential…

Online Reinforcement Learning (RL) offers a promising paradigm for enhancing GUI agents through direct environment interaction. However, its effectiveness is severely hindered by inefficient credit assignment in long-horizon tasks and…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-02-06 Han Xiao , Guozhi Wang , Hao Wang , Shilong Liu , Yuxiang Chai , Yue Pan , Yufeng Zhou , Xiaoxin Chen , Yafei Wen , Hongsheng Li

Graphical User Interface (GUI) agents, driven by Multi-modal Large Language Models (MLLMs), have emerged as a promising paradigm for enabling intelligent interaction with digital systems. This paper provides a structured survey of recent…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-05-14 Jiahao Li , Kaer Huang

Graphical User Interface (GUI) agents have gained substantial attention due to their impressive capabilities to complete tasks through multiple interactions within GUI environments. However, existing agents primarily focus on enhancing the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-05-28 Qinzhuo Wu , Pengzhi Gao , Wei Liu , Jian Luan

Reinforcement Learning (RL) in games has gained significant momentum in recent years, enabling the creation of different agent behaviors that can transform a player's gaming experience. However, deploying RL agents in production…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-07-01 António Afonso , Iolanda Leite , Alessandro Sestini , Florian Fuchs , Konrad Tollmar , Linus Gisslén

Multimodal Large Language Model (MLLM) agents facilitate Graphical User Interface (GUI) automation but struggle with long-horizon, cross-application tasks due to limited context windows. While memory systems provide a viable solution,…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-02-02 Hongze Mi , Yibo Feng , WenJie Lu , Song Cao , Jinyuan Li , Yanming Li , Xuelin Zhang , Haotian Luo , Songyang Peng , He Cui , Tengfei Tian , Jun Fang , Hua Chai , Naiqiang Tan

Multimodal Large Language Models (MLLMs) have shown great potential in revolutionizing Graphical User Interface (GUI) automation. However, existing GUI models mostly rely on learning from nearly error-free offline trajectories, thus lacking…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-06-10 Penghao Wu , Shengnan Ma , Bo Wang , Jiaheng Yu , Lewei Lu , Ziwei Liu

Self-evolution is a central research topic in enabling large language model (LLM)-based agents to continually improve their capabilities after pretraining. Recent research has witnessed a transition from reinforcement learning (RL)-free to…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-02-10 Xiangyuan Xue , Yifan Zhou , Guibin Zhang , Zaibin Zhang , Yijiang Li , Chen Zhang , Zhenfei Yin , Philip Torr , Wanli Ouyang , Lei Bai

Reward is critical to the evaluation and training of large language models (LLMs). However, existing rule-based or model-based reward methods struggle to generalize to GUI agents, where access to ground-truth trajectories or application…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-04-16 Gaole Dai , Shiqi Jiang , Ting Cao , Yuqing Yang , Yuanchun Li , Rui Tan , Mo Li , Lili Qiu
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