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3D Time-of-Flight (ToF) image sensors are used widely in applications such as self-driving cars, Augmented Reality (AR) and robotics. When implemented with Single-Photon Avalanche Diodes (SPADs), compact, array format sensors can be made…

Image and Video Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2023-03-22 Germán Mora Martín , Stirling Scholes , Alice Ruget , Robert K. Henderson , Jonathan Leach , Istvan Gyongy

Single-photon avalanche detectors (SPADs) have enabled various applications in emerging photonic quantum information technologies in recent years. However, despite many efforts to improve SPAD's performance, the design of SPADs remained…

Applied Physics · Physics 2025-02-27 Boyang Zhang , Zhe Li , Zhongju Wang , Yang Yu , Hark Hoe Tan , Chennupati Jagadish , Daoyi Dong , Lan Fu

Scene understanding under low-light conditions is a challenging problem. This is due to the small number of photons captured by the camera and the resulting low signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). Single-photon cameras (SPCs) are an emerging…

Image and Video Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2021-08-18 Bhavya Goyal , Mohit Gupta

In this work we investigate operation in the Geiger mode of the new single photon avalanche photo diode (SPAD) SAP500 manufactured by Laser Components. This SPAD is sensitive in the range 400-1000nm and has a conventional reach-through…

Instrumentation and Detectors · Physics 2015-03-14 M. Stipcevic , H. Skenderovic , D. Gracin

A single-photon avalanche detector (SPAD) for high-speed quantum-key generation has successfully been developed. It has the highest photon detection repetition frequency and the lowest dark count rate in the world, as a board-mountable…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2007-12-28 Seigo Takahashi , Akio Tajima , Akihisa Tomita

SPAD cameras offer single photon detection sensitivity, high frame rates and zero readout noise. They are a core technology for widefield FLIM, but have further potential in ultra-fast imaging applications. However, in practice sensitivity…

Instrumentation and Detectors · Physics 2016-02-15 Istvan Gyongy , Amy Davies , Neale A. W. Dutton , Rory Duncan , Colin Rickman , Robert K. Henderson , Paul Dalgarno

Single-photon avalanche diode (SPAD) arrays have transformed optical imaging by enabling photon-counting sensitivity, picosecond resolution, and high frame-rate operation. These capabilities, however, have remained confined to the visible…

Spatial correlations between two photons are the key resource in realising many quantum imaging schemes. Measurement of the bi-photon correlation map is typically performed using single-point scanning detectors or single-photon cameras…

We demonstrate photon-counting single-pixel imaging in the ultraviolet region. Toward this target, we develop a high-performance compact single-photon detector based on a 4H-SiC single-photon avalanche diode (SPAD), where a tailored readout…

Major advances in silicon pixel detectors, with outstanding timing performance, have recently attracted significant attention in the community. In this work we present and discuss the use of state-of-the-art Geiger-mode APDs, also known as…

This work presents stochastic approaches to model the counting behavior of actively quenched single-photon avalanche diodes (SPADs) subjected to continuous-wave constant illumination. We present both analytical expressions and simulation…

Instrumentation and Detectors · Physics 2020-08-27 Ivo Straka , Jan Grygar , Josef Hloušek , Miroslav Ježek

3D time-of-flight (ToF) imaging is used in a variety of applications such as augmented reality (AR), computer interfaces, robotics and autonomous systems. Single-photon avalanche diodes (SPADs) are one of the enabling technologies providing…

Image and Video Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2021-10-13 Germán Mora-Martín , Alex Turpin , Alice Ruget , Abderrahim Halimi , Robert Henderson , Jonathan Leach , Istvan Gyongy

We give an analytic treatment of the time resolution and efficiency of Single Photon Avalanche Diodes (SPADs) and Silicon Photomultipliers (SiPMs). We provide closed-form expressions for structures with uniform electric fields and efficient…

Instrumentation and Detectors · Physics 2021-05-05 Werner Riegler , Philipp Windischhofer

CMOS-compatible single-photon avalanche diodes (SPADs) have emerged in many systems as the solution of choice for cameras with photon-number resolution and photon counting capabilities. Being natively digital optical interfaces, SPADs are…

Image and Video Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-11-25 Tommaso Milanese , Baris Can Efe , Claudio Bruschini , Nobukazu Teranishi , Edoardo Charbon

Silicon Photomultipliers (SiPMs) are the state-of-the-art technology in single-photon detection with solid-state detectors. Single Photon Avalanche Diodes (SPADs), the key element of SiPMs, can now be manufactured in CMOS processes,…

Improving robotic navigation is critical for extending exploration range and enhancing operational efficiency. Vision-based navigation relying on traditional CCD or CMOS cameras faces major challenges when complex illumination conditions…

Robotics · Computer Science 2025-10-14 David Rodríguez-Martínez , C. J. Pérez del Pulgar

Single-photon avalanche diodes (SPADs) are growing in popularity for depth sensing tasks. However, SPADs still struggle in the presence of high ambient light due to the effects of pile-up. Conventional techniques leverage fixed or…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2022-04-13 Ryan Po , Adithya Pediredla , Ioannis Gkioulekas

We present a novel approach to implement compressive sensing in laser scanning microscopes (LSM), specifically in image scanning microscopy (ISM), using a single-photon avalanche diode (SPAD) array detector. Our method addresses two…

Image and Video Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2023-07-20 Ajay Gunalan , Marco Castello , Simonluca Piazza , Shunlei Li , Alberto Diaspro , Leonardo S. Mattos , Paolo Bianchini

Single-photon detectors (SPDs) are ubiquitous in many protocols for quantum imaging, sensing, and communications. Many of these protocols critically depend on the precise knowledge of their detection efficiency. A method for the calibration…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-12-04 Sujeet Pani , Duncan Earl , Francisco Elohim Becerra

Single-photon detectors (SPDs) are the most sensitive instruments for light detection. In the near-infrared range, SPDs based on III-V compound semiconductor avalanche photodiodes have been extensively used during the past two decades for…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2015-05-13 Jun Zhang , Mark A. Itzler , Hugo Zbinden , Jian-Wei Pan