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Related papers: Multimodal Multi-Agent Empowered Legal Judgment Pr…

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While small language models (SLMs) have shown promise on various reasoning tasks, their ability to judge the correctness of answers remains unclear compared to large language models (LLMs). Prior work on LLM-as-a-judge frameworks typically…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-11-21 Zhenyu Bi , Gaurav Srivastava , Yang Li , Meng Lu , Swastik Roy , Morteza Ziyadi , Xuan Wang

Multimodal Large Language Models (MLLMs) have shown impressive reasoning abilities and general intelligence in various domains. It inspires researchers to train end-to-end MLLMs or utilize large models to generate policies with…

Robotics · Computer Science 2024-07-31 Qi Lv , Hao Li , Xiang Deng , Rui Shao , Michael Yu Wang , Liqiang Nie

While progress has been made in legal applications, law reasoning, crucial for fair adjudication, remains unexplored. We propose a transparent law reasoning schema enriched with hierarchical factum probandum, evidence, and implicit…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-03-04 Jiaxin Shen , Jinan Xu , Huiqi Hu , Luyi Lin , Fei Zheng , Guoyang Ma , Fandong Meng , Jie Zhou , Wenjuan Han

The effectiveness of Large Language Models (LLMs) in legal reasoning is often limited due to the unique legal terminologies and the necessity for highly specialized knowledge. These limitations highlight the need for high-quality data…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-07-10 Xiaoxi Kang , Lizhen Qu , Lay-Ki Soon , Zhuang Li , Adnan Trakic

Large Language Models (LLMs) have significantly advanced the development of Legal Artificial Intelligence (Legal AI) in recent years, enhancing the efficiency and accuracy of legal tasks. To advance research and applications of LLM-based…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-09-15 Zhitian Hou , Zihan Ye , Nanli Zeng , Tianyong Hao , Kun Zeng

More than half of the global population struggles to meet their civil justice needs due to limited legal resources. While Large Language Models (LLMs) have demonstrated impressive reasoning capabilities, significant challenges remain even…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-22 Fanyu Wang , Xiaoxi Kang , Paul Burgess , Aashish Srivastava , Chetan Arora , Adnan Trakic , Lay-Ki Soon , Md Khalid Hossain , Lizhen Qu

Recent advances in large language models (LLMs) have led to substantial progress in domain-specific applications, particularly within the legal domain. However, general-purpose models such as GPT-4 often struggle with specialized subdomains…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-01-16 Zixun Lan , Maochun Xu , Yifan Ren , Rui Wu , Jianghui Zhou , Xueyang Cheng , Jianan Ding Ding , Xinheng Wang , Mingmin Chi , Fei Ma

LegalRuleML is a comprehensive XML-based representation framework for modeling and exchanging normative rules. The TPTP input and output formats, on the other hand, are general-purpose standards for the interaction with automated reasoning…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2022-09-13 Alexander Steen , David Fuenmayor

This extended abstract extends the research presented in "ILDC for CJPE: Indian Legal Documents Corpus for Court Judgment Prediction and Explanation" \cite{malik-etal-2021-ildc}, focusing on fact-based judgment prediction within the context…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-11-23 Shubham Kumar Nigam , Aniket Deroy

Large language models (LLMs) face a fundamental trade-off between computational efficiency (e.g., number of parameters) and output quality, especially when deployed on computationally limited devices such as phones or laptops. One way to…

Using Multimodal Large Language Models (MLLMs) as judges to achieve precise and consistent evaluations has gradually become an emerging paradigm across various domains. Evaluating the capability and reliability of MLLM-as-a-judge systems is…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-03-03 Zeyu Chen , Huanjin Yao , Ziwang Zhao , Min Yang

While Large Reasoning Models (LRMs) have demonstrated exceptional logical capabilities in mathematical domains, their application to the legal field remains hindered by the strict requirements for procedural rigor and adherence to legal…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-01-13 Yujin Zhou , Chuxue Cao , Jinluan Yang , Lijun Wu , Conghui He , Sirui Han , Yike Guo

This paper conducts a comparative study on the performance of various machine learning (``ML'') approaches for classifying judgments into legal areas. Using a novel dataset of 6,227 Singapore Supreme Court judgments, we investigate how…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2019-04-16 Jerrold Soh Tsin Howe , Lim How Khang , Ian Ernst Chai

The rapid adoption of Large Language Models (LLMs) in interactive systems has enabled the creation of dynamic, open-ended Role-Playing Agents (RPAs). However, evaluating these agents remains a significant challenge, as standard NLP metrics…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-14 Riccardo Rosati , Edoardo Colucci , Massimiliano Bolognini , Adriano Mancini , Paolo Sernani

Large Language Models (LLMs) are increasingly adopted as evaluators, offering a scalable alternative to human annotation. However, existing supervised fine-tuning (SFT) approaches often fall short in domains that demand complex reasoning.…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-11-04 Nuo Chen , Zhiyuan Hu , Qingyun Zou , Jiaying Wu , Qian Wang , Bryan Hooi , Bingsheng He

Evaluating generative foundation models on open-ended multimodal understanding (MMU) and generation (MMG) tasks across diverse modalities (e.g., images, audio, video) poses significant challenges due to the complexity of cross-modal…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-03-25 Shu Pu , Yaochen Wang , Dongping Chen , Yuhang Chen , Guohao Wang , Qi Qin , Zhongyi Zhang , Zhiyuan Zhang , Zetong Zhou , Shuang Gong , Yi Gui , Yao Wan , Philip S. Yu

Our project aims at helping and supporting stakeholders in refugee status adjudications, such as lawyers, judges, governing bodies, and claimants, in order to make better decisions through data-driven intelligence and increase the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-09-22 Claire Barale

Large Language Models (LLMs) have demonstrated exceptional capabilities across diverse tasks, driving the development and widespread adoption of LLM-as-a-Judge systems for automated evaluation, including red teaming and benchmarking.…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-11-18 Songze Li , Chuokun Xu , Jiaying Wang , Xueluan Gong , Chen Chen , Jirui Zhang , Jun Wang , Kwok-Yan Lam , Shouling Ji

Legal judgment generation is a critical task in legal intelligence. However, existing research in legal judgment generation has predominantly focused on first-instance trials, relying on static fact-to-verdict mappings while neglecting the…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2026-03-31 Hongkun Yang , Lionel Z. Wang , Wei Fan , Yiran Hu , Lixu Wang , Chenyu Liu , Yu Zeng , Shenghong Fu , Lei Gong , Zhengxin Zhang , Haoyang Li , Jiexin Zheng , Xin Xu

The increasing adoption of foundation models as agents across diverse domains necessitates a robust evaluation framework. Current methods, such as LLM-as-a-Judge, focus only on final outputs, overlooking the step-by-step reasoning that…