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By augmenting Large Language Models (LLMs) with external tools, their capacity to solve complex problems has been significantly enhanced. However, despite ongoing advancements in the parsing capabilities of LLMs, incorporating all available…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-11-24 Hang Gao , Yongfeng Zhang

Recent studies provide large language models (LLMs) with textual task-solving experiences via prompts to improve their performance. However, previous methods rely on substantial human labor or time to gather such experiences for each task,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-05-30 Jinglong Gao , Xiao Ding , Lingxiao Zou , Bibo Cai , Bing Qin , Ting Liu

Tool-augmented large language models (LLMs) are attracting widespread attention when accessing up-to-date knowledge and alleviating hallucination issues. Nowadays, advanced closed-source LLMs (e.g., ChatGPT) have demonstrated surprising…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-08-29 Anchun Gui , Jian Li , Yong Dai , Nan Du , Han Xiao

Recent studies on software tool manipulation with large language models (LLMs) mostly rely on closed model APIs. The industrial adoption of these models is substantially constrained due to the security and robustness risks in exposing…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-05-29 Qiantong Xu , Fenglu Hong , Bo Li , Changran Hu , Zhengyu Chen , Jian Zhang

Social skills training targets behaviors necessary for success in social interactions. However, traditional classroom training for such skills is often insufficient to teach effective communication -- one-to-one interaction in real-world…

Large Language Models(LLMs) have dramatically revolutionized the field of Natural Language Processing(NLP), offering remarkable capabilities that have garnered widespread usage. However, existing interaction paradigms between LLMs and users…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-03-11 Juhao Liang , Ziwei Wang , Zhuoheng Ma , Jianquan Li , Zhiyi Zhang , Xiangbo Wu , Benyou Wang

Tool learning, which allows Large Language Models (LLMs) to leverage external tools for solving complex user tasks, has emerged as a promising avenue for extending model capabilities. However, existing approaches primarily focus on data…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-01-13 Xingshan Zeng , Weiwen Liu , Xu Huang , Zezhong Wang , Lingzhi Wang , Liangyou Li , Yasheng Wang , Lifeng Shang , Xin Jiang , Ruiming Tang , Qun Liu

Tool learning is widely acknowledged as a foundational approach or deploying large language models (LLMs) in real-world scenarios. While current research primarily emphasizes leveraging tools to augment LLMs, it frequently neglects emerging…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-08-19 Junjie Ye , Sixian Li , Guanyu Li , Caishuang Huang , Songyang Gao , Yilong Wu , Qi Zhang , Tao Gui , Xuanjing Huang

Large Language Models (LLMs) have shown remarkable performance in various basic natural language tasks. For completing the complex task, we still need a plan for the task to guide LLMs to generate the specific solutions step by step. LLMs…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-12-14 Yiduo Guo , Yaobo Liang , Chenfei Wu , Wenshan Wu , Dongyan Zhao , Nan Duan

While most efforts to improve LLM-based tool-using agents focus on the agent itself - through larger models, better prompting, or fine-tuning - agent performance increasingly plateaus due to the quality of the tool interfaces these agents…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-04-30 Ruocheng Guo , Kaiwen Dong , Xiang Gao , Kamalika Das

We present ControlLLM, a novel framework that enables large language models (LLMs) to utilize multi-modal tools for solving complex real-world tasks. Despite the remarkable performance of LLMs, they still struggle with tool invocation due…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-12-19 Zhaoyang Liu , Zeqiang Lai , Zhangwei Gao , Erfei Cui , Ziheng Li , Xizhou Zhu , Lewei Lu , Qifeng Chen , Yu Qiao , Jifeng Dai , Wenhai Wang

Large Language Models (LLMs) have demonstrated proficiency in addressing tasks that necessitate a combination of task planning and the usage of external tools that require a blend of task planning and the utilization of external tools, such…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2023-11-21 Yilun Kong , Jingqing Ruan , Yihong Chen , Bin Zhang , Tianpeng Bao , Shiwei Shi , Guoqing Du , Xiaoru Hu , Hangyu Mao , Ziyue Li , Xingyu Zeng , Rui Zhao

Symbolic execution is an important software analysis technique which benefits downstream tasks such as software testing and debugging. However, several limitations hinder symbolic execution from application on real-world software. One of…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-11-25 Wenhan Wang , Kaibo Liu , Zeyu Sun , An Ran Chen , Ge Li , Gang Huang , Lei Ma

Reinforcement Learning (RL) algorithms often require long training to become useful, especially in complex environments with sparse rewards. While techniques like reward shaping and curriculum learning exist to accelerate training, these…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-09-11 Lukas Toral , Teddy Lazebnik

Tool learning has emerged as a promising direction by extending Large Language Models' (LLMs) capabilities with external tools. Existing tool learning studies primarily focus on the general-purpose tool-use capability, which addresses…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-02-27 Qiancheng Xu , Yongqi Li , Heming Xia , Fan Liu , Min Yang , Wenjie Li

Tool-augmented large language models (LLMs) are often trained on datasets of query-response pairs, which embed the ability to use tools or APIs directly into the parametric knowledge of LLMs. Tool-augmented LLMs need the ability to forget…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-08-07 Jiali Cheng , Hadi Amiri

Tool-augmented large language models (LLMs), hereafter LLM agents, leverage external tools to solve diverse tasks and interface with the real world. However, current training practices largely rely on supervised fine-tuning (SFT) over…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-18 Weihua Du , Hailei Gong , Zhan Ling , Kang Liu , Lingfeng Shen , Xuesong Yao , Yufei Xu , Dingyuan Shi , Yiming Yang , Jiecao Chen

Optimization models developed by operations research (OR) experts are often deployed as decision-support systems in industrial settings. However, real-world environments are dynamic, with evolving business rules and unforeseen…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-05-28 Tinghan Ye , Arnaud Deza , Ved Mohan , El Mehdi Er Raqabi , Pascal Van Hentenryck

Large language models (LLMs) have displayed massive improvements in reasoning and decision-making skills and can hold natural conversations with users. Many recent works seek to augment LLM-based assistants with external tools so they can…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-11-21 Nicholas Farn , Richard Shin

Large Language Models (LLMs) offer transformative potential for Modeling & Simulation (M&S) through natural language interfaces that simplify workflows. However, over-reliance risks compromising quality due to ambiguities, logical…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-06-16 Philippe J. Giabbanelli , John Beverley , Istvan David , Andreas Tolk