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We make three contributions toward better understanding policy gradient methods in the tabular setting. First, we show that with the true gradient, policy gradient with a softmax parametrization converges at a $O(1/t)$ rate, with constants…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-06-03 Jincheng Mei , Chenjun Xiao , Csaba Szepesvari , Dale Schuurmans

The softmax policy gradient (PG) method, which performs gradient ascent under softmax policy parameterization, is arguably one of the de facto implementations of policy optimization in modern reinforcement learning. For $\gamma$-discounted…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-12-19 Gen Li , Yuting Wei , Yuejie Chi , Yuxin Chen

Entropy regularization is an efficient technique for encouraging exploration and preventing a premature convergence of (vanilla) policy gradient methods in reinforcement learning (RL). However, the theoretical understanding of…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-07-16 Yuhao Ding , Junzi Zhang , Hyunin Lee , Javad Lavaei

We study the global convergence of policy gradient for infinite-horizon entropy-regularized Markov decision processes (MDPs) with continuous state and action spaces. We consider log-linear softmax policies with linear function…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-26 Ziyue Chen , David Šiška , Lukasz Szpruch

Natural policy gradient (NPG) methods are among the most widely used policy optimization algorithms in contemporary reinforcement learning. This class of methods is often applied in conjunction with entropy regularization -- an algorithmic…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2022-09-13 Shicong Cen , Chen Cheng , Yuxin Chen , Yuting Wei , Yuejie Chi

Projected policy gradient under the simplex parameterization, policy gradient and natural policy gradient under the softmax parameterization, are fundamental algorithms in reinforcement learning. There have been a flurry of recent…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2024-04-12 Jiacai Liu , Wenye Li , Ke Wei

Policy gradient (PG) estimators are ineffective in dealing with softmax policies that are sub-optimally saturated, which refers to the situation when the policy concentrates its probability mass on sub-optimal actions. Sub-optimal policy…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-02-25 Shivam Garg , Samuele Tosatto , Yangchen Pan , Martha White , A. Rupam Mahmood

Markov Decision Processes (MDPs) are a formal framework for modeling and solving sequential decision-making problems. In finite-time horizons such problems are relevant for instance for optimal stopping or specific supply chain problems,…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2024-05-07 Sara Klein , Simon Weissmann , Leif Döring

We study the sequential decision making problem of maximizing the expected total reward while satisfying a constraint on the expected total utility. We employ the natural policy gradient method to solve the discounted infinite-horizon…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2025-10-16 Dongsheng Ding , Kaiqing Zhang , Jiali Duan , Tamer Başar , Mihailo R. Jovanović

We study the global convergence of policy gradient for infinite-horizon, continuous state and action space, and entropy-regularized Markov decision processes (MDPs). We consider a softmax policy with (one-hidden layer) neural network…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2022-06-17 Bekzhan Kerimkulov , James-Michael Leahy , David Šiška , Lukasz Szpruch

We consider (stochastic) softmax policy gradient (PG) methods for bandits and tabular Markov decision processes (MDPs). While the PG objective is non-concave, recent research has used the objective's smoothness and gradient domination…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-10-01 Michael Lu , Matin Aghaei , Anant Raj , Sharan Vaswani

Policy gradient methods are widely used in reinforcement learning. Yet, the nonconvexity of policy optimization poses significant challenges in understanding the global convergence of policy gradient methods. For a class of finite-horizon…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2026-03-10 Xin Chen , Yifan Hu , Minda Zhao

We provide global convergence rates for vanilla and entropy-regularized federated softmax stochastic policy gradient (FedPG) with local training. We show that FedPG converges to a near-optimal policy in terms of the average agent value,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-04-02 Safwan Labbi , Paul Mangold , Daniil Tiapkin , Eric Moulines

Natural policy gradient (NPG) methods with entropy regularization achieve impressive empirical success in reinforcement learning problems with large state-action spaces. However, their convergence properties and the impact of entropy…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-17 Semih Cayci , Niao He , R. Srikant

Policy gradients methods apply to complex, poorly understood, control problems by performing stochastic gradient descent over a parameterized class of polices. Unfortunately, even for simple control problems solvable by standard dynamic…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-06-22 Jalaj Bhandari , Daniel Russo

Motivated by policy gradient methods in the context of reinforcement learning, we identify a large deviation rate function for the iterates generated by stochastic gradient descent for possibly non-convex objectives satisfying a…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2024-06-04 Wouter Jongeneel , Daniel Kuhn , Mengmeng Li

Natural policy gradient (NPG) is a common policy optimization algorithm and can be viewed as mirror ascent in the space of probabilities. Recently, Vaswani et al. [2021] introduced a policy gradient method that corresponds to mirror ascent…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-06-02 Reza Asad , Reza Babanezhad , Issam Laradji , Nicolas Le Roux , Sharan Vaswani

Policy gradient methods are notorious for having a large variance and high sample complexity. To mitigate this, we introduce SoftTreeMax -- a generalization of softmax that employs planning. In SoftTreeMax, we extend the traditional logits…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-05-27 Gal Dalal , Assaf Hallak , Gugan Thoppe , Shie Mannor , Gal Chechik

We study the performance of policy gradient methods for the subclass of Markov games known as Markov potential games (MPGs), which extends the notion of normal-form potential games to the stateful setting and includes the important special…

Multiagent Systems · Computer Science 2022-06-16 Dingyang Chen , Qi Zhang , Thinh T. Doan

A novel Policy Gradient (PG) algorithm, called $\textit{Matryoshka Policy Gradient}$ (MPG), is introduced and studied, in the context of fixed-horizon max-entropy reinforcement learning, where an agent aims at maximizing entropy bonuses…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-10-10 François Ged , Maria Han Veiga
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