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The integration of Large Language Models (LLMs) into applications ranging from interactive chatbots to multi-agent systems has introduced a wide spectrum of service-level objectives (SLOs) for responsiveness. These include latency-sensitive…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2025-12-23 Wei Zhang , Zhiyu Wu , Yi Mu , Rui Ning , Banruo Liu , Nikhil Sarda , Myungjin Lee , Fan Lai

The exploration and application of Large Language Models (LLMs) is thriving. To reduce deployment costs, continuous batching has become an essential feature in current service frameworks. The effectiveness of continuous batching relies on…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2025-07-15 Ruihao Gong , Shihao Bai , Siyu Wu , Yunqian Fan , Zaijun Wang , Xiuhong Li , Hailong Yang , Xianglong Liu

Recent advances in test-time scaling suggest that Large Language Models (LLMs) can gain better capabilities by generating Chain-of-Thought reasoning (analogous to human thinking) to respond a given request, and meanwhile exploring more…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-05-20 Yuhang Wang , Youhe Jiang , Bin Cui , Fangcheng Fu

With the wide adoption of language models for IR -- and specifically RAG systems -- the latency of the underlying LLM becomes a crucial bottleneck, since the long contexts of retrieved passages lead large prompts and therefore, compute…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2026-04-06 Cornelius Kummer , Lena Jurkschat , Michael Färber , Sahar Vahdati

Large language models (LLMs) iteratively generate text token by token, with memory usage increasing with the length of generated token sequences. Since the request generation length is generally unpredictable, it is difficult to estimate…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2025-03-11 Ke Cheng , Wen Hu , Zhi Wang , Hongen Peng , Jianguo Li , Sheng Zhang

Large language model (LLM) inference serving systems are essential to various LLM-based applications. As demand for LLM services continues to grow, scaling these systems to handle high request rates while meeting latency Service-Level…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-04-11 Shihong Gao , Xin Zhang , Yanyan Shen , Lei Chen

Large Language Models (LLMs) such as GPT-4 and Llama have shown remarkable capabilities in a variety of software engineering tasks. Despite the advancements, their practical deployment faces challenges, including high financial costs, long…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-08-06 Yueyue Liu , Hongyu Zhang , Yuantian Miao

Large Language Models (LLMs) such as GPT-4 and Llama3 can already comprehend complex commands and process diverse tasks. This advancement facilitates their application in controlling drones and robots for various tasks. However, existing…

Robotics · Computer Science 2024-12-30 Neiwen Ling , Guojun Chen , Lin Zhong

Multi-die FPGAs are crucial components in modern computing systems, particularly for high-performance applications such as artificial intelligence and data centers. Super long lines (SLLs) provide interconnections between super logic…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2024-02-05 Zhixiong Di , Runzhe Tao , Jing Mai , Lin Chen , Yibo Lin

Multi-agent systems increasingly orchestrate multiple specialized language models to solve complex real-world problems, often invoking them over a shared context. This execution pattern repeatedly processes the same prompt prefix across…

The increasing adoption of large language models (LLMs) necessitates inference serving systems that can deliver both high throughput and low latency. Deploying LLMs with hundreds of billions of parameters on memory-constrained GPUs exposes…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2025-03-10 Bowen Pang , Kai Li , Feifan Wang

LLM inference serving typically scales out with a two-tier architecture: a cluster router distributes requests to multiple inference engines, each of which then in turn performs its own internal scheduling. However, this commonly used…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2025-10-02 Yue Zhang , Yuansheng Chen , Xuan Mo , Alex Xi , Jialun Li , WeiGang Wu

Serverless computing has grown rapidly for serving Large Language Model (LLM) inference due to its pay-as-you-go pricing, fine-grained GPU usage, and rapid scaling. However, our analysis reveals that current serverless can effectively serve…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-05-21 Yifan Sui , Hao Wang , Hanfei Yu , Yitao Hu , Jianxun Li , Hao Wang

Large Language Models face an emerging and critical threat known as latency attacks. Because LLM inference is inherently expensive, even modest slowdowns can translate into substantial operating costs and severe availability risks.…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-02-10 Tianyi Wang , Huawei Fan , Yuanchao Shu , Peng Cheng , Cong Wang

Aggressively quantized large language models (LLMs), such as BitNet-style 1.58-bit Transformers with ternary weights, make it feasible to deploy generative AI on low-power edge FPGAs. However, as prompts grow to tens of thousands of tokens,…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2025-12-15 Yifan Zhang , Zhiheng Chen , Ye Qiao , Sitao Huang

Large language models (LLMs) have shown remarkable potential in processing long sequences and complex reasoning tasks, yet efficiently serving these models remains challenging due to the quadratic computational complexity of attention in…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-04-22 Shang Yang , Junxian Guo , Haotian Tang , Qinghao Hu , Guangxuan Xiao , Jiaming Tang , Yujun Lin , Zhijian Liu , Yao Lu , Song Han

Multi-agent systems (MAS) enable complex reasoning by coordinating multiple agents, but often incur high inference latency due to multi-step execution and repeated model invocations, severely limiting their scalability and usability in…

Multiagent Systems · Computer Science 2026-01-16 Xi Shi , Mengxin Zheng , Qian Lou

The emergence of reasoning-based LLMs leveraging Chain-of-Thought (CoT) inference introduces new serving challenges, as their extended reasoning phases delay user-visible output and inflate Time-To-First-Token (TTFT). Existing LLM serving…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-13 Eunyeong Cho , Jehyeon Bang , Ranggi Hwang , Minsoo Rhu

Nowadays, large language models (LLMs) are published as a service and can be accessed by various applications via APIs, also known as language-model-as-a-service (LMaaS). Without knowing the generation length of requests, existing serving…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2024-06-10 Ke Cheng , Wen Hu , Zhi Wang , Peng Du , Jianguo Li , Sheng Zhang

With the growing use of Large Language Model (LLM)-based tools like ChatGPT, Perplexity, and Gemini across industries, there is a rising need for efficient LLM inference systems. These systems handle requests with a unique two-phase…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-12-02 Agrim Bari , Parikshit Hegde , Gustavo de Veciana