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Large Language Models (LLMs) pose a significant risk of safety misalignment after finetuning, as models can be compromised by both explicitly and implicitly harmful data. Even some seemingly benign data can inadvertently steer a model…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-15 Zhanhao Hu , Xiao Huang , Patrick Mendoza , Emad A. Alghamdi , Basel Alomair , Raluca Ada Popa , David Wagner

As large language models (LLMs) rapidly advance and integrate into daily life, the privacy risks they pose are attracting increasing attention. We focus on a specific privacy risk where LLMs may help identify the authorship of anonymous…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-11-21 Zichen Wen , Dadi Guo , Huishuai Zhang

AI systems increasingly shape high-stakes decisions in healthcare, law, defense, and education, yet existing governance paradigms -- AI Ethics, AI Safety, and AI Alignment -- share a common limitation: they evaluate outcomes rather than…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-04-14 Seulki Lee

Large Language Models (LLMs) are gaining increasing attention due to their exceptional performance across numerous tasks. As a result, the general public utilize them as an influential tool for boosting their productivity while natural…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2023-06-16 Zhigang Kan , Linbo Qiao , Hao Yu , Liwen Peng , Yifu Gao , Dongsheng Li

The vast amounts of digital content captured from the real world or AI-generated media necessitate methods for copyright protection, traceability, or data provenance verification. Digital watermarking serves as a crucial approach to address…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-10-08 Vitaliy Kinakh , Brian Pulfer , Yury Belousov , Pierre Fernandez , Teddy Furon , Slava Voloshynovskiy

Benchmark contamination poses a significant challenge to the reliability of Large Language Models (LLMs) evaluations, as it is difficult to assert whether a model has been trained on a test set. We introduce a solution to this problem by…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-07-22 Tom Sander , Pierre Fernandez , Saeed Mahloujifar , Alain Durmus , Chuan Guo

Public leaderboards increasingly suggest that large language models (LLMs) surpass human experts on benchmarks spanning academic knowledge, law, and programming. Yet most benchmarks are fully public, their questions widely mirrored across…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-03-18 Eshwar Reddy M , Sourav Karmakar

Large Language Models (LLMs) have exploded a new heatwave of AI for their ability to engage end-users in human-level conversations with detailed and articulate answers across many knowledge domains. In response to their fast adoption in…

Large language models (LLMs) remain acutely vulnerable to prompt injection and related jailbreak attacks; heuristic guardrails (rules, filters, LLM judges) are routinely bypassed. We present Contextual Integrity Verification (CIV), an…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-08-20 Aayush Gupta

Despite progress in watermarking algorithms for large language models (LLMs), real-world deployment remains limited. We argue that this gap stems from misaligned incentives among LLM providers, platforms, and end users, which manifest as…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-04-22 Yepeng Liu , Xuandong Zhao , Dawn Song , Gregory W. Wornell , Yuheng Bu

As open-source large language models (LLMs) like Llama3 become more capable, it is crucial to develop watermarking techniques to detect their potential misuse. Existing watermarking methods either add watermarks during LLM inference, which…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-03-18 Yijie Xu , Aiwei Liu , Xuming Hu , Lijie Wen , Hui Xiong

Proprietary large language models (LLMs) face risks of intellectual property (IP) violation, as adversaries can replicate an LLM by collecting input-output pairs to train a surrogate model, causing financial setbacks. Watermarks offer a…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-05-25 Kieu Dang , Phung Lai , NhatHai Phan , Yelong Shen , Ruoming Jin

Engineering a top-notch deep learning model is an expensive procedure that involves collecting data, hiring human resources with expertise in machine learning, and providing high computational resources. For that reason, deep learning…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-03-08 Omid Aramoon , Pin-Yu Chen , Gang Qu

Model merging is a promising lightweight model empowerment technique that does not rely on expensive computing devices (e.g., GPUs) or require the collection of specific training data. Instead, it involves editing different upstream model…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-11-05 Tianshuo Cong , Delong Ran , Zesen Liu , Xinlei He , Jinyuan Liu , Yichen Gong , Qi Li , Anyu Wang , Xiaoyun Wang

The ability to accurately identify authorship is crucial for verifying content authenticity and mitigating misinformation. Large Language Models (LLMs) have demonstrated an exceptional capacity for reasoning and problem-solving. However,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-23 Baixiang Huang , Canyu Chen , Kai Shu

As large language models (LLMs) become more capable and agentic, the requirement for trust in their outputs grows significantly, yet at the same time concerns have been mounting that models may learn to lie in pursuit of their goals. To…

Large Language Models (LLMs) are increasingly fine-tuned on smaller, domain-specific datasets to improve downstream performance. These datasets often contain proprietary or copyrighted material, raising the need for reliable safeguards…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-06 Jingqi Zhang , Ruibo Chen , Yingqing Yang , Peihua Mai , Heng Huang , Yan Pang

This paper introduces RoSeMary, the first-of-its-kind ML/Crypto codesign watermarking framework that regulates LLM-generated code to avoid intellectual property rights violations and inappropriate misuse in software development.…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-02-11 Ruisi Zhang , Neusha Javidnia , Nojan Sheybani , Farinaz Koushanfar

This paper reports on qualitative content analysis undertaken using ChatGPT, a Large Language Model (LLM), to identify primary research themes in current academic integrity research as well as the methodologies used to explore these areas.…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2024-01-09 Thomas Lancaster

The growing use of large language models in sensitive domains has exposed a critical weakness: the inability to ensure that private information can be permanently forgotten. Yet these systems still lack reliable mechanisms to guarantee that…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-11-14 James Jin Kang , Dang Bui , Thanh Pham , Huo-Chong Ling