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Multimodal Large Language Models (MLLMs) have advanced unified reasoning over text, images, and videos, but their inference is hindered by the rapid growth of key-value (KV) caches. Each visual input expands into thousands of tokens,…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-04-08 Bowen Zeng , Feiyang Ren , Jun Zhang , Xiaoling Gu , Ke Chen , Lidan Shou , Huan Li

Reducing the key-value (KV) cache burden in Large Language Models (LLMs) significantly accelerates inference. Dynamically selecting critical KV caches during decoding helps maintain performance. Existing methods use random linear hashing to…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-10 Wenhao Li , Yuxin Zhang , Gen Luo , Haiyuan Wan , Ziyang Gong , Fei Chao , Rongrong Ji

Large Language Models (LLMs) have made remarkable progress in processing extensive contexts, with the Key-Value (KV) cache playing a vital role in enhancing their performance. However, the growth of the KV cache in response to increasing…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-06-18 Yuhong Li , Yingbing Huang , Bowen Yang , Bharat Venkitesh , Acyr Locatelli , Hanchen Ye , Tianle Cai , Patrick Lewis , Deming Chen

LLM inference for enterprise applications, such as summarization, RAG, and code-generation, typically observe much longer prompt than generations, leading to high prefill cost and response latency. We present SwiftKV, a novel model…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-06-03 Aurick Qiao , Zhewei Yao , Samyam Rajbhandari , Yuxiong He

Recent advances in large language models (LLMs) have significantly boosted long-context processing. However, the increasing key-value (KV) cache size poses critical challenges to memory and execution efficiency. Most KV cache compression…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-08-05 Xiaolin Lin , Jingcun Wang , Olga Kondrateva , Yiyu Shi , Bing Li , Grace Li Zhang

Low-latency decoding for large language models (LLMs) is crucial for applications like chatbots and code assistants, yet generating long outputs remains slow in single-query settings. Prior work on speculative decoding (which combines a…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2025-06-16 Ziyi Zhang , Ziheng Jiang , Chengquan Jiang , Menghan Yu , Size Zheng , Haibin Lin , Henry Hoffmann , Xin Liu

The advent of pre-trained large language models (LLMs) has revolutionized various natural language processing tasks. These models predominantly employ an auto-regressive decoding mechanism that utilizes Key-Value (KV) caches to eliminate…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-06-12 Hao Yu , Zelan Yang , Shen Li , Yong Li , Jianxin Wu

While Transformer self-attention offers strong parallelism, the Key-Value (KV) cache grows linearly with sequence length and becomes a bottleneck for inference efficiency. Multi-head latent attention was recently developed to compress the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-11-04 Keqi Deng , Philip C. Woodland

LLM decoding is bottlenecked for large batches and long contexts by loading the key-value (KV) cache from high-bandwidth memory, which inflates per-token latency, while the sequential nature of decoding limits parallelism. We analyze the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-05-28 Ted Zadouri , Hubert Strauss , Tri Dao

While large language models (LLMs) excel at handling long-context sequences, they require substantial prefill computation and key-value (KV) cache, which can heavily burden computational efficiency and memory usage in both prefill and…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-04-21 Dongwon Jo , Jiwon Song , Yulhwa Kim , Jae-Joon Kim

Transformer-based Large Language Models rely critically on the KV cache to efficiently handle extended contexts during the decode phase. Yet, the size of the KV cache grows proportionally with the input length, burdening both memory…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-08-14 Payman Behnam , Yaosheng Fu , Ritchie Zhao , Po-An Tsai , Zhiding Yu , Alexey Tumanov

Vision-Language Large Models (VLLMs) face significant efficiency challenges when processing high-resolution inputs. The quadratic complexity in attention and autoregressive generation, as well as the constantly growing key value (KV) cache…

Multimedia · Computer Science 2025-10-31 Zhonghua Jiang , Kunxi Li , Yiyun Zhou , Sihao Liu , Zhaode Wang , Chengfei lv , Shengyu Zhang

The efficiency of large vision-language models (LVLMs) is constrained by the computational bottleneck of the attention mechanism during the prefill phase and the memory bottleneck of fetching the key-value (KV) cache in the decoding phase,…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-12-19 Yefei He , Feng Chen , Jing Liu , Wenqi Shao , Hong Zhou , Kaipeng Zhang , Bohan Zhuang

KV cache is a widely used acceleration technique for large language models (LLMs) inference. However, its memory requirement grows rapidly with input length. Previous studies have reduced the size of KV cache by either removing the same…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-01-28 Xingyang He , Jie Liu , Shaowei Chen

The proliferation of long-context large language models (LLMs) exposes a key bottleneck: the rapidly expanding key-value cache during decoding, which imposes heavy memory and latency costs. While recent approaches attempt to alleviate this…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-02-05 Gang Lin , Dongfang Li , Zhuoen Chen , Yukun Shi , Xuhui Chen , Baotian Hu , Min Zhang

Long-context inference in large language models is bottlenecked by Key--Value (KV) cache loading during the decoding stage, where the sequential nature of generation requires repeatedly transferring the KV cache from off-chip High-Bandwidth…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-03 Songtao Liu , Hongwu Peng , Zhiwei Zhang , Zhengyu Chen , Yue Guo

The quadratic computational complexity of the standard attention mechanism constitutes a fundamental bottleneck for large language models in long-context inference. While existing KV cache compression methods alleviate memory pressure, they…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-06 Jinyu Guo , Zhihan Zhang , Jiehui Xie , Md. Tamim Iqbal , Dongshen Han , Lik-Hang Lee , Sung-Ho Bae , Jie Zou , Yang Yang , Chaoning Zhang

Generating long sequences of tokens given a long-context input is a very compute-intensive inference scenario for large language models (LLMs). One prominent inference speed-up approach is to construct a smaller key-value (KV) cache,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-03-04 Fangyuan Xu , Tanya Goyal , Eunsol Choi

Multi-Head Latent Attention (MLA), introduced in DeepSeek-V2, improves the efficiency of large language models by projecting query, key, and value tensors into a compact latent space. This architectural change reduces the KV-cache size and…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2026-04-10 Robin Geens , Marian Verhelst

With the widespread deployment of long-context large language models (LLMs), there has been a growing demand for efficient support of high-throughput inference. However, as the key-value (KV) cache expands with the sequence length, the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-04-29 Hanshi Sun , Li-Wen Chang , Wenlei Bao , Size Zheng , Ningxin Zheng , Xin Liu , Harry Dong , Yuejie Chi , Beidi Chen
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