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Fine-tuning Large Language Models (LLMs) has proven effective for a variety of downstream tasks. However, as LLMs grow in size, the memory demands for backpropagation become increasingly prohibitive. Zeroth-order (ZO) optimization methods…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-07-25 Ziming Yu , Pan Zhou , Sike Wang , Jia Li , Mi Tian , Hua Huang

With users demanding seamless connectivity, handovers (HOs) have become a fundamental element of cellular networks. However, optimizing HOs is a challenging problem, further exacerbated by the growing complexity of mobile networks. This…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2025-01-15 Michail Kalntis , Andra Lutu , Jesús Omaña Iglesias , Fernando A. Kuipers , George Iosifidis

As a promising paradigm federated Learning (FL) is widely used in privacy-preserving machine learning, which allows distributed devices to collaboratively train a model while avoiding data transmission among clients. Despite its immense…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-08-29 Jinglong Shen , Xiucheng Wang , Nan Cheng , Longfei Ma , Conghao Zhou , Yuan Zhang

Fine-tuning large language models (LLMs) on private, on-device data can empower tailored personalized AI agents. However, fine-tuning LLMs on resource-constrained edge devices faces significant challenges, including excessive computation…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-03-26 Jian Ma , Xinchen Lyu , Jun Jiang , Qimei Cui , Haipeng Yao , Xiaofeng Tao

Addressing the challenges of deploying large language models in wireless communication networks, this paper combines low-rank adaptation technology (LoRA) with the splitfed learning framework to propose the federated split learning for…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2024-07-15 Kai Zhao , Zhaohui Yang , Chongwen Huang , Xiaoming Chen , Zhaoyang Zhang

Fine-tuning large language models (LLMs) has achieved remarkable success across various NLP tasks, but the substantial memory overhead during backpropagation remains a critical bottleneck, especially as model scales grow. Zeroth-order (ZO)…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-01-09 Feihu Jin , Shipeng Cen , Ying Tan

Federated Split Learning (FSL) is a promising distributed learning paradigm in practice, which gathers the strengths of both Federated Learning (FL) and Split Learning (SL) paradigms, to ensure model privacy while diminishing the resource…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-04-22 Yifan Shi , Yuhui Zhang , Ziyue Huang , Xiaofeng Yang , Li Shen , Wei Chen , Xueqian Wang

Split learning (SL) has emerged as a promising approach for model training without revealing the raw data samples from the data owners. However, traditional SL inevitably leaks label privacy as the tail model (with the last layers) should…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-10-10 Song Lyu , Zheng Lin , Guanqiao Qu , Xianhao Chen , Xiaoxia Huang , Pan Li

Federated Learning (FL) stands out as a widely adopted protocol facilitating the training of Machine Learning (ML) models while maintaining decentralized data. However, challenges arise when dealing with a heterogeneous set of participating…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-02-02 Joana Tirana , Spyros Lalis , Dimitris Chatzopoulos

Zeroth-order (ZO) optimization enables dimension-free communication in federated learning (FL), making it attractive for fine-tuning of large language models (LLMs) due to significant communication savings. However, existing ZO-FL methods…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-03 Zhe Li , Bicheng Ying , Zidong Liu , Chaosheng Dong , Haibo Yang

Zeroth-order (ZO) optimization provides a gradient-free alternative to first-order (FO) methods by estimating gradients via finite differences of function evaluations, and has recently emerged as a memory-efficient paradigm for fine-tuning…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-24 Yicheng Lang , Changsheng Wang , Yihua Zhang , Mingyi Hong , Zheng Zhang , Wotao Yin , Sijia Liu

The rapid scaling of large language models (LLMs) has significantly increased GPU memory pressure, which is further aggravated by training optimization techniques such as virtual pipeline and recomputation that disrupt tensor lifespans and…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-11-26 Zixiao Huang , Junhao Hu , Hao Lin , Chunyang Zhu , Yueran Tang , Quanlu Zhang , Zhen Guo , Zhenhua Li , Shengen Yan , Zhenhua Zhu , Guohao Dai , Yu Wang

Federated learning enables collaborative model training across numerous edge devices without requiring participants to share data; however, memory and communication constraints on these edge devices may preclude their participation in…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-09-04 Gwen Legate , Irina Rish , Eugene Belilovsky

The increasing complexity of deep neural networks poses significant barriers to democratizing them to resource-limited edge devices. To address this challenge, split federated learning (SFL) has emerged as a promising solution by of…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-06-05 Zheng Lin , Guanqiao Qu , Wei Wei , Xianhao Chen , Kin K. Leung

Federated Learning (FL) enables multiple clients to collaboratively train a shared model while preserving data privacy. However, the high memory demand during model training severely limits the deployment of FL on resource-constrained…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2025-10-14 Yebo Wu , Jingguang Li , Chunlin Tian , Kahou Tam , Li Li , Chengzhong Xu

Fine-tuning pre-trained Large Language Models (LLMs) for downstream tasks using First-Order (FO) optimizers presents significant computational challenges. Parameter-Efficient Fine-Tuning (PEFT) methods address these by freezing most model…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-12-16 Reza Shirkavand , Peiran Yu , Qi He , Heng Huang

Split learning (SL) offloads main computing tasks from multiple resource-constrained user equippments (UEs) to the base station (BS), while preserving local data privacy. However, its computation and communication processes remain…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2025-12-01 Chenyu Liu , Zhaoyang Zhang , Zirui Chen , Zhaohui Yang

The exponential growth in use of large deep neural networks has accelerated the need for training these deep neural networks in hours or even minutes. This can only be achieved through scalable and efficient distributed training, since a…

Edge devices with local computation capability has made distributed deep learning training on edges possible. In such method, the cluster head of a cluster of edges schedules DL training jobs from the edges. Using such centralized…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2022-06-03 Tanmoy Sen , Haiying Shen

Fine-tuning pre-trained large language models (LLMs) in a distributed manner poses significant challenges on resource-constrained edge networks. To address this challenge, we propose SflLLM, a novel framework that integrates split federated…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-07-03 Kai Zhao , Zhaohui Yang , Ye Hu , Mingzhe Chen , Chen Zhu , Zhaoyang Zhang