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Concatenation of two quantum error correcting codes with complementary sets of transversal gates can provide a means towards universal fault-tolerant computation. We first show that it is generally preferable to choose the inner code with…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2017-08-18 Christopher Chamberland , Tomas Jochym-O'Connor

Resource consumption of the conventional surface code is expensive, in part due to the need to separate the defects that create the logical qubit far apart on the physical qubit lattice. We propose that instantiating the deformation-based…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2017-01-25 Shota Nagayama , Takahiko Satoh , Rodney Van Meter

Quantum computers hold the promise of solving computational problems which are intractable using conventional methods. For fault-tolerant operation quantum computers must correct errors occurring due to unavoidable decoherence and limited…

Quantum error correction methods use processing power to combat noise. The noise level which can be tolerated in a fault-tolerant method is therefore a function of the computational resources available, especially the size of computer and…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2015-06-26 Andrew Steane

Quantum error correction (QEC) is often implemented on hardware that experiences biased noise, where dephasing errors occur more frequently than other errors. This has motivated many recent efforts to develop bias-tailored QEC codes, such…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-05-28 Arianna Meinking , Julie Campos , Kenneth R. Brown

Experimental realization of stabilizer-based quantum error correction (QEC) codes that would yield superior logical qubit performance is one of the formidable task for state-of-the-art quantum processors. A major obstacle towards realizing…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2022-03-14 I. A. Simakov , I. S. Besedin , A. V. Ustinov

In this paper we investigate the role of local information in the decoding of the repetition and surface error correction codes for the protection of quantum states. Our key result is an improvement in resource efficiency when local…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2020-06-30 Michael Hanks , William J. Munro , Kae Nemoto

Quantum error correction is a cornerstone of reliable quantum computing, with surface codes emerging as a prominent method for protecting quantum information. Surface codes are efficient for Clifford gates but require magic state…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-03-13 Avimita Chatterjee , Archisman Ghosh , Swaroop Ghosh

The repetition code is an important primitive for the techniques of quantum error correction. Here we implement repetition codes of at most $15$ qubits on the $16$ qubit \emph{ibmqx3} device. Each experiment is run for a single round of…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2018-08-31 James R. Wootton , Daniel Loss

Repetition code forms a fundamental basis for quantum error correction experiments. To date, it stands as the sole code that has achieved large distances and extremely low error rates. Its applications span the spectrum of evaluating…

The development of robust architectures capable of large-scale fault-tolerant quantum computation should consider both their quantum error-correcting codes, and the underlying physical qubits upon which they are built, in tandem. Following…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2021-10-19 Andrew S. Darmawan , Benjamin J. Brown , Arne L. Grimsmo , David K. Tuckett , Shruti Puri

Noise and errors are inevitable parts of any practical implementation of a quantum computer. As a result, large-scale quantum computation will require ways to detect and correct errors on quantum information. Here, we present such a quantum…

A fault-tolerant quantum computer will be supported by a classical decoding system interfacing with quantum hardware to perform quantum error correction. It is important that the decoder can keep pace with the quantum clock speed, within…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-03-17 Samuel C. Smith , Benjamin J. Brown , Stephen D. Bartlett

The design and performance analysis of quantum error correction (QEC) codes are often based on incoherent and independent noise models since it is easy to simulate. However, these models fail to capture realistic hardware noise sources,…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-04-16 Zeyuan Zhou , Andrew Ji , Yongshan Ding

Quantum error correction will be a necessary component towards realizing scalable quantum computers with physical qubits. Theoretically, it is possible to perform arbitrarily long computations if the error rate is below a threshold value.…

Quantum error correcting (QEC) codes protect quantum information against environmental noise. Computational errors caused by the environment change the quantum state within the qubit subspace, whereas quantum erasures correspond to the loss…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-11-26 Luis Colmenarez , Seyong Kim , Markus Müller

We study the code obtained by concatenating the standard single-mode Gottesman-Kitaev-Preskill (GKP) code with the surface code. We show that the noise tolerance of this surface-GKP code with respect to (Gaussian) displacement errors…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2020-11-18 Lisa Hänggli , Margret Heinze , Robert Koenig

Quantum error correction suppresses noise in quantum systems to allow for high-precision computations. In this work, we introduce Multivariate Bicycle (MB) Quantum Low-Density Parity-Check (QLDPC) codes, via an extension of the framework…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-02-21 Lukas Voss , Sim Jian Xian , Tobias Haug , Kishor Bharti

Quantum circuits with local particle number conservation (LPNC) restrict the quantum computation to a subspace of the Hilbert space of the qubit register. In a noiseless or fault-tolerant quantum computation, such quantities are preserved.…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2021-04-21 Michael Streif , Martin Leib , Filip Wudarski , Eleanor Rieffel , Zhihui Wang

Fault-tolerant quantum computers will depend crucially on the performance of the classical decoding algorithm which takes in the results of measurements and outputs corrections to the errors inferred to have occurred. Machine learning…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-04-18 John Blue , Harshil Avlani , Zhiyang He , Liu Ziyin , Isaac L. Chuang