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Deep Learning techniques are powerful in mimicking humans in a particular set of problems. They have achieved a remarkable performance in complex learning tasks. Deep learning inspired Neural Machine Translation (NMT) is a proficient…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-10-04 Vishvajit Bakarola , Jitendra Nasriwala

A large number of significant assets are available online in English, which is frequently translated into native languages to ease the information sharing among local people who are not much familiar with English. However, manual…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-04-30 Himanshu Choudhary , Shivansh Rao , Rajesh Rohilla

The use of subword embedding has proved to be a major innovation in Neural Machine Translation (NMT). It helps NMT to learn better context vectors for Low Resource Languages (LRLs) so as to predict the target words by better modelling the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-05-23 Amit Kumar , Shantipriya Parida , Ajay Pratap , Anil Kumar Singh

Language technologies should be judged on their usefulness in real-world use cases. An often overlooked aspect in natural language processing (NLP) research and evaluation is language variation in the form of non-standard dialects or…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-07-09 Fahim Faisal , Orevaoghene Ahia , Aarohi Srivastava , Kabir Ahuja , David Chiang , Yulia Tsvetkov , Antonios Anastasopoulos

India has 1369 languages of which 22 are official. About 13 different scripts are used to represent these languages. A Common Label Set (CLS) was developed based on phonetics to address the issue of large vocabulary of units required in the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-02-24 Utkarsh P

The rapid advancement of large language models (LLMs) necessitates evaluation frameworks that reflect real-world academic rigor and multilingual complexity. This paper introduces IndicEval, a scalable benchmarking platform designed to…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-02-19 Saurabh Bharti , Gaurav Azad , Abhinaw Jagtap , Nachiket Tapas

This study focuses on recognizing Bangladeshi dialects and converting diverse Bengali accents into standardized formal Bengali speech. Dialects, often referred to as regional languages, are distinctive variations of a language spoken in a…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-11-19 Md. Nazmus Sadat Samin , Jawad Ibn Ahad , Tanjila Ahmed Medha , Fuad Rahman , Mohammad Ruhul Amin , Nabeel Mohammed , Shafin Rahman

The effectiveness of Large Language Models (LLMs) depends heavily on the availability of high-quality post-training data, particularly instruction-tuning and preference-based examples. Existing open-source datasets, however, often lack…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-09 Neel Prabhanjan Rachamalla , Aravind Konakalla , Gautam Rajeev , Ashish Kulkarni , Chandra Khatri , Shubham Agarwal

To obtain extensive annotated data for under-resourced languages is challenging, so in this research, we have investigated whether it is beneficial to train models using multi-task learning. Sentiment analysis and offensive language…

Analogies test a model's ability to infer implicit relationships between concepts, making them a key benchmark for evaluating reasoning capabilities. While large language models (LLMs) are widely evaluated for reasoning in English, their…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-07-25 Ashray Gupta , Rohan Joseph , Sunny Rai

Bangla is a language spoken by approximately 240 million native speakers and around 300 million people worldwide. Despite being the 5th largest spoken language in the world, Bangla is still a "low-resource" language, and existing pretrained…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-08 Abdullah Khan Zehady , Shubhashis Roy Dipta , Naymul Islam , Safi Al Mamun , Santu Karmaker

The rapid advancement of large language models(LLMs) has intensified the need for domain and culture specific evaluation. Existing benchmarks are largely Anglocentric and domain-agnostic, limiting their applicability to India-centric…

In this paper, we introduce Neural Information Retrieval resources for 11 widely spoken Indian Languages (Assamese, Bengali, Gujarati, Hindi, Kannada, Malayalam, Marathi, Oriya, Punjabi, Tamil, and Telugu) from two major Indian language…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2023-12-18 Saiful Haq , Ashutosh Sharma , Pushpak Bhattacharyya

Large language models (LLMs) frequently exhibit performance biases against regional dialects of low-resource languages. However, frameworks to quantify these disparities remain scarce. We propose a two-phase framework to evaluate dialectal…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-24 K. M. Jubair Sami , Dipto Sumit , Ariyan Hossain , Farig Sadeque

Cognates are variants of the same lexical form across different languages; for example 'fonema' in Spanish and 'phoneme' in English are cognates, both of which mean 'a unit of sound'. The task of automatic detection of cognates among any…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-12-17 Diptesh Kanojia , Raj Dabre , Shubham Dewangan , Pushpak Bhattacharyya , Gholamreza Haffari , Malhar Kulkarni

Machine Translation (MT) system generally aims at automatic representation of source language into target language retaining the originality of context using various Natural Language Processing (NLP) techniques. Among various NLP methods,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-04 Sudhansu Bala Das , Divyajoti Panda , Tapas Kumar Mishra , Bidyut Kr. Patra

Multilingual large language models (LLMs) are increasingly deployed in linguistically diverse regions like India, yet most interpretability tools remain tailored to English. Prior work reveals that LLMs often operate in English centric…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-02-19 Mihir Panchal , Deeksha Varshney , Mamta , Asif Ekbal

In this work, we present an extensive study of statistical machine translation involving languages of the Indian subcontinent. These languages are related by genetic and contact relationships. We describe the similarities between Indic…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-03-20 Anoop Kunchukuttan , Pushpak Bhattacharyya

We present a novel benchmark designed to rigorously evaluate the capabilities of large language models (LLMs) in mathematical reasoning and algorithmic code synthesis tasks. The benchmark comprises integer sequence generation tasks sourced…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-11-11 Daniel O'Malley , Manish Bhattarai , Nishath Rajiv Ranasinghe , Erick Draayer , Javier Santos

Establishing fair and robust benchmarks is essential for evaluating intelligent code generation by large language models (LLMs). Our survey of 35 existing benchmarks uncovers three major imbalances: 85.7% focus on a single programming…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-10-01 Shuai Wang , Liang Ding , Li Shen , Yong Luo , Han Hu , Lefei Zhang , Fu Lin