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The Hierarchical Kernel Transformer (HKT) is a multi-scale attention mechanism that processes sequences at L resolution levels via trainable causal downsampling, combining level-specific score matrices through learned convex weights. The…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-04-13 Giansalvo Cirrincione

Despite the remarkable empirical performance of Transformers, their theoretical understanding remains elusive. Here, we consider a deep multi-head self-attention network, that is closely related to Transformers yet analytically tractable.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-12-10 Lorenzo Tiberi , Francesca Mignacco , Kazuki Irie , Haim Sompolinsky

This study examines the identifiability of interaction kernels in mean-field equations of interacting particles or agents, an area of growing interest across various scientific and engineering fields. The main focus is identifying…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2023-05-23 Quanjun Lang , Fei Lu

\textit{Attention} computes the dependency between representations, and it encourages the model to focus on the important selective features. Attention-based models, such as Transformer and graph attention network (GAT), are widely utilized…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-03-02 Kyungwoo Song , Yohan Jung , Dongjun Kim , Il-Chul Moon

We introduce the loss kernel, an interpretability method for measuring similarity between data points according to a trained neural network. The kernel is the covariance matrix of per-sample losses computed under a distribution of…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-01 Maxwell Adam , Zach Furman , Jesse Hoogland

Despite the central role of attention heads in Transformers, we lack tools to understand why a model attends to a particular token. To address this, we study the query-key (QK) space -- the bilinear joint embedding space between queries and…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-05 Andrew Lee , Yonatan Belinkov , Fernanda Viégas , Martin Wattenberg

Transformer is a powerful architecture that achieves superior performance on various sequence learning tasks, including neural machine translation, language understanding, and sequence prediction. At the core of the Transformer is the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-11-13 Yao-Hung Hubert Tsai , Shaojie Bai , Makoto Yamada , Louis-Philippe Morency , Ruslan Salakhutdinov

Uncovering hidden graph structures underlying real-world data is a critical challenge with broad applications across scientific domains. Recently, transformer-based models leveraging the attention mechanism have demonstrated strong…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-31 Yuan Cheng , Yu Huang , Zhe Xiong , Yingbin Liang , Vincent Y. F. Tan

In pursuit of faster computation, Efficient Transformers demonstrate an impressive variety of approaches -- models attaining sub-quadratic attention complexity can utilize a notion of sparsity or a low-rank approximation of inputs to reduce…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-11-09 Uladzislau Yorsh , Alexander Kovalenko

In this paper we delve deep in the Transformer architecture by investigating two of its core components: self-attention and contextual embeddings. In particular, we study the identifiability of attention weights and token embeddings, and…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-02-10 Gino Brunner , Yang Liu , Damián Pascual , Oliver Richter , Massimiliano Ciaramita , Roger Wattenhofer

Self-attention in Transformers is typically implemented as $\mathrm{softmax}(QK^\top/\sqrt{d})V$, where $Q=XW_Q$, $K=XW_K$, and $V=XW_V$ are learned linear projections of the input $X$. We ask whether these learned projections are…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-05 Debarshi Kundu , Archisman Ghosh , Swaroop Ghosh , Vasant Honavar

The Transformer architecture aggregates input information through the self-attention mechanism, but there is no clear understanding of how this information is mixed across the entire model. Additionally, recent works have demonstrated that…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-10-25 Javier Ferrando , Gerard I. Gállego , Marta R. Costa-jussà

Kernel methods approximate nonlinear maps in a data-driven manner by projecting the target map onto a finite-dimensional Hilbert space called the solution space. Traditionally, this space is a subspace of a fixed ambient reproducing kernel…

Numerical Analysis · Mathematics 2026-01-30 Tamás Dózsa , Andrea Angino , Zoltán Szabó , József Bokor , Matthias Voigt

Semantic correspondence is the problem of establishing correspondences across images depicting different instances of the same object or scene class. One of recent approaches to this problem is to estimate parameters of a global…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2018-10-29 Paul Hongsuck Seo , Jongmin Lee , Deunsol Jung , Bohyung Han , Minsu Cho

Attention layers are widely used in natural language processing (NLP) and are beginning to influence computer vision architectures. Training very large transformer models allowed significant improvement in both fields, but once trained,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-05-21 Jean-Baptiste Cordonnier , Andreas Loukas , Martin Jaggi

This paper presents a mathematical interpretation of self-attention by connecting it to distributional semantics principles. We show that self-attention emerges from projecting corpus-level co-occurrence statistics into sequence context.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-11-19 Nihal Mehta

Over the last decade, representation learning, which embeds complex information extracted from large amounts of data into dense vector spaces, has emerged as a key technique in machine learning. Among other applications, it has been a key…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-01-09 Ivan Kankeu , Stefan Gerd Fritsch , Gunnar Schönhoff , Elie Mounzer , Paul Lukowicz , Maximilian Kiefer-Emmanouilidis

A few models have tried to tackle the link prediction problem, also known as knowledge graph completion, by embedding knowledge graphs in comparably lower dimensions. However, the state-of-the-art results are attained at the cost of…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-11-29 Peyman Baghershahi , Reshad Hosseini , Hadi Moradi

The performance of adaptive estimators that employ embedding in reproducing kernel Hilbert spaces (RKHS) depends on the choice of the location of basis kernel centers. Parameter convergence and error approximation rates depend on where and…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2020-09-08 Sai Tej Paruchuri , Jia Guo , Andrew Kurdila

Kernel mean embeddings have recently attracted the attention of the machine learning community. They map measures $\mu$ from some set $M$ to functions in a reproducing kernel Hilbert space (RKHS) with kernel $k$. The RKHS distance of two…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2019-12-18 Carl-Johann Simon-Gabriel , Bernhard Schölkopf
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