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Current, near-term quantum devices have shown great progress in recent years culminating with a demonstration of quantum supremacy. In the medium-term, however, quantum machines will need to transition to greater reliability through error…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2020-09-07 Casey Duckering , Jonathan M. Baker , David I. Schuster , Frederic T. Chong

A growing trend has emerged in designing high-quality Small Language Models (SLMs) with a few million parameters. This trend is driven by the increasing concerns over cloud costs, privacy, and latency. Considering that full parameter…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-07-03 Xuan Shen , Peiyan Dong , Zhenglun Kong , Yifan Gong , Changdi Yang , Zhaoyang Han , Yanyue Xie , Lei Lu , Cheng Lyu , Chao Wu , Yanzhi Wang , Pu Zhao

Modern Large Language Models (LLMs) are increasingly trained to support very large context windows. We present Compactor, a training-free, query-agnostic KV compression strategy that uses approximate leverage scores to determine token…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-12-10 Vivek Chari , Benjamin Van Durme

KV cache in autoregressive LLMs eliminates redundant recomputation but has emerged as the dominant memory and bandwidth bottleneck during inference, notably with long contexts and test-time scaling. KV quantization is a key lever for…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-03 Ji Zhang , Yiwei Li , Shaoxiong Feng , Peiwen Yuan , Xinglin Wang , Jiayi Shi , Yueqi Zhang , Chuyi Tan , Boyuan Pan , Yao Hu , Kan Li

The development of large language models (LLMs) has revolutionized automated code generation. However, their high demand of computation resources has hindered a broader deployment and raised environmental concerns. A common strategy for…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2024-11-12 Xiangyu Zhang , Yu Zhou , Guang Yang , Harald C. Gall , Taolue Chen

Deploying transformer-based neural networks on resource-constrained edge devices presents a significant challenge. This challenge is often addressed through various techniques, such as low-rank approximation and mixed-precision…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-07-15 Ofir Gordon , Ariel Lapid , Elad Cohen , Yarden Yagil , Arnon Netzer , Hai Victor Habi

Vision-Language Models (VLMs) have demonstrated impressive performance across a versatile set of tasks. A key challenge in accelerating VLMs is storing and accessing the large Key-Value (KV) cache that encodes long visual contexts, such as…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-11-01 Dezhan Tu , Danylo Vashchilenko , Yuzhe Lu , Panpan Xu

Looped Transformers (LT) have emerged as a powerful architecture by iterating their layers multiple times before decoding the final token. However, pairing them with full attention retains quadratic complexity, making them computationally…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-26 Chunyuan Deng , Yizhe Zhang , Rui-Jie Zhu , Yuanyuan Xu , Jiarui Liu , T. S. Eugene Ng , Hanjie Chen

Efficient inference of large language models (LLMs) is hindered by an ever-growing key-value (KV) cache, making KV cache compression a critical research direction. Traditional methods selectively evict less important KV cache entries, which…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-12-01 Yuxuan Tian , Zihan Wang , Yebo Peng , Aomufei Yuan , Zhiming Wang , Bairen Yi , Xin Liu , Yong Cui , Tong Yang

Recent Vision-Language Models (VLMs) have demonstrated remarkable multimodal understanding capabilities, yet the redundant visual tokens incur prohibitive computational overhead and degrade inference efficiency. Prior studies typically…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-02-24 Qiankun Ma , Ziyao Zhang , Haofei Wang , Jie Chen , Zhen Song , Hairong Zheng

Scaling the input context length of a large language model (LLM) incurs a significant increase in computation cost and memory footprint to maintain the attention key-value (KV) cache. Existing KV cache compression methods suffer from…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-01-31 Yuxiang Huang , Binhang Yuan , Xu Han , Chaojun Xiao , Zhiyuan Liu

The efficiency of Large Language Model~(LLM) inference is often constrained by substantial memory bandwidth and capacity demands. Existing techniques, such as pruning, quantization, and mixture of experts/depth, reduce memory capacity…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2025-04-23 Rui Xie , Asad Ul Haq , Linsen Ma , Yunhua Fang , Zirak Burzin Engineer , Liu Liu , Tong Zhang

Video large language models (VideoLLMs) have demonstrated the capability to process longer video inputs and enable complex reasoning and analysis. However, due to the thousands of visual tokens from the video frames, the key-value (KV)…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-09-30 Keda Tao , Haoxuan You , Yang Sui , Can Qin , Huan Wang

Large language models (LLMs) face significant challenges in processing long contexts due to the linear growth of the key-value (KV) cache and quadratic complexity of self-attention. Existing approaches address these bottlenecks separately:…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-17 Zeng You , Yaofo Chen , Qiuwu Chen , Ying Sun , Shuhai Zhang , Yingjian Li , Yaowei Wang , Mingkui Tan

Large Language Models (LLMs), despite their remarkable performance across a wide range of tasks, necessitate substantial GPU memory and consume significant computational resources. Beyond the memory taken up by model weights, the memory…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-06-24 Jincheng Dai , Zhuowei Huang , Haiyun Jiang , Chen Chen , Deng Cai , Wei Bi , Shuming Shi

Large Language Models (LLMs) are increasingly deployed in scenarios demanding ultra-long context reasoning, such as agentic workflows and deep research understanding. However, long-context inference is constrained by the KV cache, a…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2026-03-11 Jianlong Lei , Shashikant Ilager

This work studies how to adaptively recompute key-value (KV) caches for diffusion large language models (DLMs) to maximize prediction accuracy while minimizing decoding latency. Prior methods' decoders recompute QKV for all tokens at every…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-12-30 Quan Nguyen-Tri , Mukul Ranjan , Zhiqiang Shen

Recent advancements in large language models (LLMs) are propelling us toward artificial general intelligence with their remarkable emergent abilities and reasoning capabilities. However, the substantial computational and memory requirements…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-10-10 Ruihao Gong , Yang Yong , Shiqiao Gu , Yushi Huang , Chengtao Lv , Yunchen Zhang , Xianglong Liu , Dacheng Tao

How can we accurately quantize a pre-trained Vision Transformer model? Quantization algorithms compress Vision Transformers (ViTs) into low-bit formats, reducing memory and computation demands with minimal accuracy degradation. However,…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-11-17 Minjun Kim , Jaeri Lee , Jongjin Kim , Jeongin Yun , Yongmo Kwon , U Kang

Quantization-aware training (QAT) is a representative model compression method to reduce redundancy in weights and activations. However, most existing QAT methods require end-to-end training on the entire dataset, which suffers from long…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-08-21 Xijie Huang , Zechun Liu , Shih-Yang Liu , Kwang-Ting Cheng