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Training deep neural networks on real-world datasets is often hampered by the presence of noisy labels, which can be memorized by over-parameterized models, leading to significant degradation in generalization performance. While existing…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-12-18 Jianchao Wang , Qingfeng Li , Pengcheng Zheng , Xiaorong Pu , Yazhou Ren

This paper introduces new techniques for using convex optimization to fit input-output data to a class of stable nonlinear dynamical models. We present an algorithm that guarantees consistent estimates of models in this class when a small…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2013-03-19 Mark M. Tobenkin , Ian R. Manchester , Alexandre Megretski

This paper proposes a method to optimize tokenization for the performance improvement of already trained downstream models. Our method generates tokenization results attaining lower loss values of a given downstream model on the training…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-04-24 Tatsuya Hiraoka , Tomoya Iwakura

Symbolic encoding has been used in multi-operator learning as a way to embed additional information for distinct time-series data. For spatiotemporal systems described by time-dependent partial differential equations, the equation itself…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-09-19 Derek Jollie , Jingmin Sun , Zecheng Zhang , Hayden Schaeffer

We introduce token-consistent stochastic layers in vision transformers, without causing any severe drop in performance. The added stochasticity improves network calibration, robustness and strengthens privacy. We use linear layers with…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2022-07-15 Nikola Popovic , Danda Pani Paudel , Thomas Probst , Luc Van Gool

Machine learning pipelines often rely on optimization procedures to make discrete decisions (e.g., sorting, picking closest neighbors, or shortest paths). Although these discrete decisions are easily computed, they break the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-06-11 Quentin Berthet , Mathieu Blondel , Olivier Teboul , Marco Cuturi , Jean-Philippe Vert , Francis Bach

Prior motion generation largely follows two paradigms: continuous diffusion models that excel at kinematic control, and discrete token-based generators that are effective for semantic conditioning. To combine their strengths, we propose a…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-03-20 Chenyang Gu , Mingyuan Zhang , Haozhe Xie , Zhongang Cai , Lei Yang , Ziwei Liu

Token representations influence the efficiency and adaptability of language models, yet conventional tokenization strategies impose rigid segmentation boundaries that do not adjust dynamically to evolving contextual relationships. The…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-08-11 Alistair Dombrowski , Beatrix Engelhardt , Dimitri Fairbrother , Henry Evidail

Current tokenization methods process sequential data without accounting for signal quality, limiting their effectiveness on noisy real-world corpora. We present QA-Token (Quality-Aware Tokenization), which incorporates data reliability…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-02-09 Arvid E. Gollwitzer , Paridhi Latawa , David de Gruijl , Deepak A. Subramanian , Adrián Noriega de la Colina

Generating synthetic financial time series data that accurately reflects real-world market dynamics holds tremendous potential for various applications, including portfolio optimization, risk management, and large scale machine learning. We…

Mathematical Finance · Quantitative Finance 2025-11-05 Chung I Lu , Julian Sester

Though switched dynamical systems have shown great utility in modeling a variety of physical phenomena, the construction of an optimal control of such systems has proven difficult since it demands some type of optimal mode scheduling. In…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2014-02-04 Ramanarayan Vasudevan , Humberto Gonzalez , Ruzena Bajcsy , S. Shankar Sastry

Attention is sparse in vision transformers. We observe the final prediction in vision transformers is only based on a subset of most informative tokens, which is sufficient for accurate image recognition. Based on this observation, we…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2021-10-27 Yongming Rao , Wenliang Zhao , Benlin Liu , Jiwen Lu , Jie Zhou , Cho-Jui Hsieh

Q-learning is widely recognized as an effective approach for synthesizing controllers to achieve specific goals. However, handling challenges posed by continuous state-action spaces remains an ongoing research focus. This paper presents a…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2024-06-07 Sadek Belamfedel Alaoui , Adnane Saoud

While diffusion models have achieved great success in generating continuous signals such as images and audio, it remains elusive for diffusion models in learning discrete sequence data like natural languages. Although recent advances…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-05-02 Jiasheng Ye , Zaixiang Zheng , Yu Bao , Lihua Qian , Mingxuan Wang

Token-level adaptive computation seeks to reduce inference cost by allocating more computation to harder tokens and less to easier ones. However, prior work is primarily evaluated on natural-language benchmarks using task-level metrics,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-02-10 Ibraheem Muhammad Moosa , Suhas Lohit , Ye Wang , Moitreya Chatterjee , Wenpeng Yin

We present a framework to synthesize control policies for nonlinear dynamical systems from complex temporal constraints specified in a rich temporal logic called Signal Temporal Logic (STL). We propose a novel smooth and differentiable STL…

Systems and Control · Computer Science 2019-04-29 Iman Haghighi , Noushin Mehdipour , Ezio Bartocci , Calin Belta

Tokenisation is an integral part of the current NLP pipeline. Current tokenisation algorithms such as BPE and Unigram are greedy algorithms -- they make locally optimal decisions without considering the resulting vocabulary as a whole. We…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-22 Jan Tempus , Philip Whittington , Craig W. Schmidt , Dennis Komm , Tiago Pimentel

Multi-time-scale stochastic approximation is an iterative algorithm for finding the fixed point of a set of $N$ coupled operators given their noisy samples. It has been observed that due to the coupling between the decision variables and…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2024-09-13 Sihan Zeng , Thinh T. Doan

We introduce a new interpretation of the attention matrix as a discrete-time Markov chain. Our interpretation sheds light on common operations involving attention scores such as selection, summation, and averaging in a unified framework. It…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-10-21 Yotam Erel , Olaf Dünkel , Rishabh Dabral , Vladislav Golyanik , Christian Theobalt , Amit H. Bermano

Gradient boosting still dominates Transformers on tabular benchmarks. Our tokenizer uses a deliberately simplistic discretized vocabulary so we can highlight how even basic tokenization unlocks the power of attention on tabular features,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-10 Yael S. Elmatad