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Existing evaluation frameworks for Multimodal Large Language Models (MLLMs) primarily focus on image reasoning or general video understanding tasks, largely overlooking the significant role of image context in video comprehension. To bridge…

Spatial intelligence is essential for multimodal large language models (MLLMs) operating in the complex physical world. Existing benchmarks, however, probe only single-image relations and thus fail to assess the multi-image spatial…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-05-26 Sihan Yang , Runsen Xu , Yiman Xie , Sizhe Yang , Mo Li , Jingli Lin , Chenming Zhu , Xiaochen Chen , Haodong Duan , Xiangyu Yue , Dahua Lin , Tai Wang , Jiangmiao Pang

The ability to understand and answer questions over documents can be useful in many business and practical applications. However, documents often contain lengthy and diverse multimodal contents such as texts, figures, and tables, which are…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-11-12 Yew Ken Chia , Liying Cheng , Hou Pong Chan , Chaoqun Liu , Maojia Song , Sharifah Mahani Aljunied , Soujanya Poria , Lidong Bing

Semantic retrieval is crucial for modern applications yet remains underexplored in current research. Existing datasets are limited to single languages, single images, or singular retrieval conditions, often failing to fully exploit the…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-12-04 Wei Chow , Yuan Gao , Linfeng Li , Xian Wang , Qi Xu , Hang Song , Lingdong Kong , Ran Zhou , Yi Zeng , Yidong Cai , Botian Jiang , Shilin Xu , Jiajun Zhang , Minghui Qiu , Xiangtai Li , Tianshu Yang , Siliang Tang , Juncheng Li

Recent advancements in multimodal slow-thinking systems have demonstrated remarkable performance across various visual reasoning tasks. However, their capabilities in text-rich image reasoning tasks remain understudied due to the absence of…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-27 Mingxin Huang , Yongxin Shi , Dezhi Peng , Songxuan Lai , Zecheng Xie , Lianwen Jin

As reasoning models scale rapidly, the essential role of multimodality in human cognition has come into sharp relief, driving a growing need to probe vision-centric cognitive behaviors. Yet, existing multimodal benchmarks either…

Multimodal learning is a recent challenge that extends unimodal learning by generalizing its domain to diverse modalities, such as texts, images, or speech. This extension requires models to process and relate information from multiple…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2022-09-29 Cheng-An Hsieh , Cheng-Ping Hsieh , Pu-Jen Cheng

Despite the existing evolution of Multimodal Large Language Models (MLLMs), a non-neglectable limitation remains in their struggle with visual text grounding, especially in text-rich images of documents. Document images, such as scanned…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-09-25 Ming Li , Ruiyi Zhang , Jian Chen , Chenguang Wang , Jiuxiang Gu , Yufan Zhou , Franck Dernoncourt , Wanrong Zhu , Tianyi Zhou , Tong Sun

Multimodal document retrieval systems enable information access across text, images, and layouts, benefiting various domains like document-based question answering, report analysis, and interactive content summarization. Rerankers improve…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-06-24 Mingjun Xu , Jinhan Dong , Jue Hou , Zehui Wang , Sihang Li , Zhifeng Gao , Renxin Zhong , Hengxing Cai

Multimodal reasoning, which integrates language and visual cues into problem solving and decision making, is a fundamental aspect of human intelligence and a crucial step toward artificial general intelligence. However, the evaluation of…

Multimodal retrieval models fail on reasoning-intensive queries where images (diagrams, charts, screenshots) must be deeply integrated with text to identify relevant documents -- the best multimodal model achieves only 27.6 nDCG@10 on…

Multimodal Large Language Models (MLLMs) have advanced VQA and now support Vision-DeepResearch systems that use search engines for complex visual-textual fact-finding. However, evaluating these visual and textual search abilities is still…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-03-03 Yu Zeng , Wenxuan Huang , Zhen Fang , Shuang Chen , Yufan Shen , Yishuo Cai , Xiaoman Wang , Zhenfei Yin , Lin Chen , Zehui Chen , Shiting Huang , Yiming Zhao , Xu Tang , Yao Hu , Philip Torr , Wanli Ouyang , Shaosheng Cao

Large Multimodal Models (LMMs) have made significant strides in visual question-answering for single images. Recent advancements like long-context LMMs have allowed them to ingest larger, or even multiple, images. However, the ability to…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-03-12 Tsung-Han Wu , Giscard Biamby , Jerome Quenum , Ritwik Gupta , Joseph E. Gonzalez , Trevor Darrell , David M. Chan

Multimodal document question answering requires retrieving dispersed evidence from visually rich long documents and performing reliable reasoning over heterogeneous information. Existing multimodal RAG systems remain limited by two…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2026-03-18 Jiashu Yang , Chi Zhang , Abudukelimu Wuerkaixi , Xuxin Cheng , Cao Liu , Ke Zeng , Xu Jia , Xunliang Cai

While Large Multimodal Models (LMMs) excel in general visual tasks, their deployment in specialized financial contexts remains insufficient. Existing benchmarks prioritize isolated charts, often overlooking the need to integrate data from…

Computational Engineering, Finance, and Science · Computer Science 2026-05-19 Jiayong Zhu , Jiangtong Li , Jinru Ding , Dawei Cheng , Jie Xu , Feng Yu

Existing multimodal retrieval benchmarks largely emphasize semantic matching on daily-life images and offer limited diagnostics of professional knowledge and complex reasoning. To address this gap, we introduce ARK, a benchmark designed to…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-02-11 Yijie Lin , Guofeng Ding , Haochen Zhou , Haobin Li , Mouxing Yang , Xi Peng

Multimodal Large Language Models (MLLMs) in real-world applications require access to external knowledge sources and must remain responsive to the dynamic and ever-changing real-world information in order to address information-seeking and…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-10-15 Kartik Narayan , Yang Xu , Tian Cao , Kavya Nerella , Vishal M. Patel , Navid Shiee , Peter Grasch , Chao Jia , Yinfei Yang , Zhe Gan

Programming often involves converting detailed and complex specifications into code, a process during which developers typically utilize visual aids to more effectively convey concepts. While recent developments in Large Multimodal Models…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-09-27 Kaixin Li , Yuchen Tian , Qisheng Hu , Ziyang Luo , Zhiyong Huang , Jing Ma

Recent progress in the reasoning capabilities of multimodal large language models (MLLMs) has empowered them to address more complex tasks such as scientific analysis and mathematical reasoning. Despite their promise, MLLMs' reasoning…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-03 Jiachun Li , Shaoping Huang , Zhuoran Jin , Chenlong Zhang , Pengfei Cao , Yubo Chen , Kang Liu , Jun Zhao

The BRIGHT benchmark is a dataset consisting of reasoning-intensive queries over diverse domains. We explore retrieval results on BRIGHT using a range of retrieval techniques, including sparse, dense, and fusion methods, and establish…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2025-09-03 Yijun Ge , Sahel Sharifymoghaddam , Jimmy Lin