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Large Language Models (LLMs) have demonstrated remarkable capabilities in various natural language processing tasks. However, their size presents significant challenges for deployment and inference. This paper investigates the quantization…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-05-01 Lucas Maisonnave , Cyril Moineau , Olivier Bichler , Fabrice Rastello

Low-bit weight-only quantization significantly reduces the memory footprint of large language models (LLMs), but disproportionately affects certain examples. We analyze diverse 3-4 bit methods on LLMs ranging from 7B-70B in size and find…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-09-25 Ting-Yun Chang , Muru Zhang , Jesse Thomason , Robin Jia

Using fewer bits to represent model parameters and related tensors during pre-training has become a required technique for improving GPU efficiency without sacrificing accuracy. Microscaling (MX) formats introduced in NVIDIA Blackwell…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-08-20 Asit Mishra , Dusan Stosic , Simon Layton , Paulius Micikevicius

As large language models (LLMs) continue to grow in size and complexity, efficient checkpoint saving\&loading has become crucial for managing storage, memory usage, and fault tolerance in LLM training. The current works do not…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-11-19 Yanxin Peng , Qingping Li , Baodong Wu , Shigang Li , Guohao Dai , Shengen Yan , Yu Wang

This work studies post-training parameter quantization in large language models (LLMs). We introduce quantization with incoherence processing (QuIP), a new method based on the insight that quantization benefits from $\textit{incoherent}$…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-01-17 Jerry Chee , Yaohui Cai , Volodymyr Kuleshov , Christopher De Sa

We study weight-only post-training quantization (PTQ), which quantizes the weights of a large language model (LLM) without retraining, using little or no calibration data. Weight-only PTQ is crucial for reducing the memory footprint and…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-23 Deokjae Lee , Hyun Oh Song

Post-training quantization (PTQ) offers an efficient approach to compressing large language models (LLMs), significantly reducing memory access and computational costs. Existing compensation-based weight calibration methods often rely on a…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-11-17 Xingyu Zheng , Haotong Qin , Yuye Li , Haoran Chu , Jiakai Wang , Jinyang Guo , Michele Magno , Xianglong Liu

Tiny machine learning (tinyML) has emerged during the past few years aiming to deploy machine learning models to embedded AI processors with highly constrained memory and computation capacity. Low precision quantization is an important…

The quantization of large language models (LLMs) has been a prominent research area aimed at enabling their lightweight deployment in practice. Existing research about LLM's quantization has mainly explored the interplay between weights and…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-05-16 Yifei Gao , Jie Ou , Lei Wang , Jun Cheng , Mengchu Zhou

Post-Training Quantization (PTQ) converts pre-trained Full-Precision (FP) models into quantized versions without training. While existing methods reduce size and computational costs, they also significantly degrade performance and…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-12-24 Boyang Zhang , Daning Cheng , Yunquan Zhang , Jiake Tian , Jing Li , Fangming Liu

Quantization is an essential and popular technique for improving the accessibility of large language models (LLMs) by reducing memory usage and computational costs while maintaining performance. In this study, we apply 4-bit Group Scaling…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-08-18 Sahil Sk , Debasish Dhal , Sonal Khosla , Sk Shahid , Sambit Shekhar , Akash Dhaka , Shantipriya Parida , Dilip K. Prasad , Ondřej Bojar

Quantizing large language models (LLMs) to 1-bit precision significantly reduces computational costs, but existing quantization techniques suffer from noticeable performance degradation when using weight and activation precisions below 4…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-07-01 Siqing Song , Chuang Wang , Ruiqi Wang , Yi Yang , Xu-Yao Zhang

State-of-the-art language models (LMs) represented by long-short term memory recurrent neural networks (LSTM-RNNs) and Transformers are becoming increasingly complex and expensive for practical applications. Low-bit neural network…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-12-22 Junhao Xu , Jianwei Yu , Shoukang Hu , Xunying Liu , Helen Meng

Pre-training Transformers in FP4 precision is becoming a promising approach to gain substantial speedup, but it comes with a considerable loss of accuracy. Microscaling (MX) data format provides a fine-grained per-group quantization method…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-07-10 Yuxiang Chen , Haocheng Xi , Jun Zhu , Jianfei Chen

Large Vision Language Models (LVLMs) have achieved remarkable success in a range of downstream tasks that require multimodal interaction, but their capabilities come with substantial computational and memory overhead, which hinders…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-03-19 Ziwei Xiang , Fanhu Zeng , Hongjian Fang , Rui-Qi Wang , Renxing Chen , Yanan Zhu , Yi Chen , Peipei Yang , Xu-Yao Zhang

As LLMs scale, low-bit floating-point formats like MXFP and NVFP4 offer new opportunities for precision and efficiency. In this work, we evaluate HiFloat (HiF8 and HiF4), a family of formats tailored for Ascend NPUs. Through rigorous…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-03 Pengxiang Zhao , Hui-Ling Zhen , Xing Li , Han Bao , Weizhe Lin , Zhiyuan Yang , Manyi Zhang , Yuanyong Luo , Ziwei Yu , Xin Wang , Mingxuan Yuan , Xianzhi Yu , Zhenhua Dong

Quantization-aware training (QAT) is typically performed for a single target numeric format, while practical deployments often need to choose numerical precision at inference time based on hardware support or runtime constraints. We study…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-04-02 Zifei Xu , Sayeh Sharify , Hesham Mostafa

Large language models (LLMs) have shown remarkable proficiency in generating text, benefiting from extensive training on vast textual corpora. However, LLMs may also acquire unwanted behaviors from the diverse and sensitive nature of their…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-03-24 Zhiwei Zhang , Fali Wang , Xiaomin Li , Zongyu Wu , Xianfeng Tang , Hui Liu , Qi He , Wenpeng Yin , Suhang Wang

Recent studies introduced effective compression techniques for Large Language Models (LLMs) via post-training quantization or low-bit weight representation. Although quantized weights offer storage efficiency and allow for faster inference,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-05-02 Irina Proskurina , Luc Brun , Guillaume Metzler , Julien Velcin

Large language models (LLMs) deliver strong performance, but their high compute and memory costs make deployment difficult in resource-constrained scenarios. Weight-only post-training quantization (PTQ) is appealing, as it reduces memory…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-09 Xianglong Yan , ChengZhu Bao , Zhiteng Li , Tianao Zhang , Shaoqiu Zhang , Ruobing Xie , Samm Sun , Yulun Zhang