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In the age of generative AI and ubiquitous digital tools, human cognition faces a structural paradox: as external aids become more capable, internal memory systems risk atrophy. Drawing on neuroscience and cognitive psychology, this paper…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2025-06-23 Barbara Oakley , Michael Johnston , Ken-Zen Chen , Eulho Jung , Terrence J. Sejnowski

Learning internal reasoning processes is crucial for developing AI systems capable of sustained adaptation in dynamic real-world environments. However, most existing approaches primarily emphasize learning task-specific outputs or static…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-02-13 Hong Su

Artificial intelligence and machine learning are increasingly used for forecasting, optimization, and policy design in the energy sector, yet no standardized framework exists to evaluate whether these systems reason correctly. Current…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-10-24 Eliseo Curcio

Structured reasoning can improve the inference performance of large language models (LLMs), but it also introduces computational cost and control constraints. When additional reasoning structure helps, and when it instead reduces efficiency…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-04-14 Junyu Guo , Shangding Gu , Ming Jin , Costas Spanos , Javad Lavaei

Scientific reasoning, the process through which humans apply logic, evidence, and critical thinking to explore and interpret scientific phenomena, is essential in advancing knowledge reasoning across diverse fields. However, despite…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-21 Yibo Yan , Shen Wang , Jiahao Huo , Jingheng Ye , Zhendong Chu , Xuming Hu , Philip S. Yu , Carla Gomes , Bart Selman , Qingsong Wen

MLLMs have been successfully applied to multimodal embedding tasks, yet their generative reasoning capabilities remain underutilized. Directly incorporating chain-of-thought reasoning into embedding learning introduces two fundamental…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-04-08 Yuchi Wang , Haiyang Yu , Weikang Bian , Jiefeng Long , Xiao Liang , Chao Feng , Hongsheng Li

Robotic manipulation policies have made rapid progress in recent years, yet most existing approaches give limited consideration to memory capabilities. Consequently, they struggle to solve tasks that require reasoning over historical…

Reasoning plays a crucial role in advancing Multimodal Large Language Models (MLLMs) toward Artificial General Intelligence. However, existing MLLM benchmarks often fall short in precisely and comprehensively evaluating long-chain reasoning…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-07-01 Huanjin Yao , Jiaxing Huang , Yawen Qiu , Michael K. Chen , Wenzheng Liu , Wei Zhang , Wenjie Zeng , Xikun Zhang , Jingyi Zhang , Yuxin Song , Wenhao Wu , Dacheng Tao

Human annotation is central to NLP evaluation, yet subjective tasks often exhibit substantial variability across annotators. While large language models (LLMs) can provide structured reasoning to support annotation, their influence on human…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-17 Smitha Muthya Sudheendra , Jaideep Srivastava

Memory systems have been designed to leverage past experiences in Large Language Model (LLM) agents. However, many deployed memory systems primarily optimize compression and storage, with comparatively less emphasis on explicit, closed-loop…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-12-24 Xingbo Du , Loka Li , Duzhen Zhang , Le Song

Inductive reasoning is a core problem-solving capacity: humans can identify underlying principles from a few examples, which robustly generalize to novel scenarios. Recent work evaluates large language models (LLMs) on inductive reasoning…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-06-03 Ruocheng Wang , Eric Zelikman , Gabriel Poesia , Yewen Pu , Nick Haber , Noah D. Goodman

Logical reasoning is a fundamental aspect of human intelligence and an essential capability for multimodal large language models (MLLMs). Despite the significant advancement in multimodal reasoning, existing benchmarks fail to…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-05-28 Jiakang Yuan , Tianshuo Peng , Yilei Jiang , Yiting Lu , Renrui Zhang , Kaituo Feng , Chaoyou Fu , Tao Chen , Lei Bai , Bo Zhang , Xiangyu Yue

Reinforcement learning with verifiable rewards (RLVR) has become central to post-training reasoning models, yet a key limitation of existing studies is their narrow view of the reasoning space: difficulty is treated as reasoning depth…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-27 Yihua Zhu , Qianying Liu , Fei Cheng , Jiaxin Wang , Akiko Aizawa , Sadao Kurohashi , Hidetoshi Shimodaira

Recent advances in Large Language Models (LLMs) have shown promising results in complex reasoning tasks. However, current evaluations predominantly focus on single-turn reasoning scenarios, leaving interactive tasks largely unexplored. We…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-22 Xiaoyuan Li , Keqin Bao , Yubo Ma , Moxin Li , Wenjie Wang , Rui Men , Yichang Zhang , Fuli Feng , Dayiheng Liu

Recent advances in agentic frameworks have enabled AI agents to perform complex reasoning and decision-making. However, evidence comparing their reasoning performance, efficiency, and practical suitability remains limited. To address this…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-04-21 Zeeshan Rasheed , Abdul Malik Sami , Muhammad Waseem , Kai-Kristian Kemell , Mika Saari , Pekka Abrahamsson

Due to their inherent complexity, reasoning tasks have long been regarded as rigorous benchmarks for assessing the capabilities of machine learning models, especially large language models (LLMs). Although humans can solve these tasks with…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-03-30 Yunlong Deng , Boyang Sun , Yan Li , Lingjing Kong , Zeyu Tang , Kun Zhang , Guangyi Chen

Humans excel at performing complex tasks by leveraging long-term memory across temporal and spatial experiences. In contrast, current Large Language Models (LLMs) struggle to effectively plan and act in dynamic, multi-room 3D environments.…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-12-18 Wenbo Hu , Yining Hong , Yanjun Wang , Leison Gao , Zibu Wei , Xingcheng Yao , Nanyun Peng , Yonatan Bitton , Idan Szpektor , Kai-Wei Chang

Existing multimodal reasoning models and frameworks suffer from fundamental architectural limitations: most lack the human-like ability to autonomously explore diverse reasoning pathways-whether in direct inference, tool-driven visual…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-12-15 Yifu Guo , Zishan Xu , Zhiyuan Yao , Yuquan Lu , Jiaye Lin , Sen Hu , Zhenheng Tang , Huacan Wang , Ronghao Chen

Even without directly hearing sounds, humans can effortlessly reason about auditory properties, such as pitch, loudness, or sound-source associations, drawing on auditory commonsense. In contrast, language models often lack this capability,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-01-29 Hyunjong Ok , Suho Yoo , Hyeonjun Kim , Jaeho Lee

Achieving realistic human-like conversation for virtual characters requires not only a simple memorization and recall of past events, but also the strategic utilization of memory to meet factual needs and social engagement. Current memory…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-30 Yerong Wu , Tianxing Wu , Minghao Zhu , Hangyu Sha , Haofen Wang