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Mixture of Experts (MoE) architectures have emerged as pivotal for scaling Large Language Models (LLMs) efficiently. Fine-grained MoE approaches - utilizing more numerous, smaller experts - have demonstrated potential in improving model…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-06-04 Jakub Krajewski , Marcin Chochowski , Daniel Korzekwa

Recent advancements in Multimodal Large Language Models (MLLMs) underscore the significance of scalable models and data to boost performance, yet this often incurs substantial computational costs. Although the Mixture of Experts (MoE)…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-05-21 Yunxin Li , Shenyuan Jiang , Baotian Hu , Longyue Wang , Wanqi Zhong , Wenhan Luo , Lin Ma , Min Zhang

Conventional large language models (LLMs) are equipped with dozens of GB to TB of model parameters, making inference highly energy-intensive and costly as all the weights need to be loaded to onboard processing elements during computation.…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2025-07-28 Wei-Hsing Huang , Janak Sharda , Cheng-Jhih Shih , Yuyao Kong , Faaiq Waqar , Pin-Jun Chen , Yingyan , Lin , Shimeng Yu

Languages encode distinct abstractions and inductive priors, yet most large language models (LLMs) overlook this diversity by reasoning in a single dominant language. In this work, we introduce x1, a family of reasoning models that can…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-21 Yangfan Ye , Xiaocheng Feng , Xiachong Feng , Yichong Huang , Zekun Yuan , Lei Huang , Weitao Ma , Qichen Hong , Yunfei Lu , Dandan Tu , Bing Qin

Mixture-of-Experts (MoE) has become a dominant architecture for scaling Large Language Models (LLMs) efficiently by decoupling total parameters from computational cost. However, this decoupling creates a critical challenge: predicting the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-22 Changxin Tian , Kunlong Chen , Jia Liu , Ziqi Liu , Zhiqiang Zhang , Jun Zhou

The Mixture-of-Experts (MoE) architecture improves computational efficiency via sparse expert activation, but throughput-oriented inference faces substantial GPU memory pressure due to a significant parameter size and intermediate data.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-20 Muyoung Son , Yi Chen , Seungjae Yoo , Soongyu Choi , Joo-Young Kim

This work presents the first large-scale investigation into constructing a fully open bilingual large language model (LLM) for a non-English language, specifically Korean, trained predominantly on synthetic data. We introduce KORMo-10B, a…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-13 Minjun Kim , Hyeonseok Lim , Hangyeol Yoo , Inho Won , Seungwoo Song , Minkyung Cho , Junhun Yuk , Changsu Choi , Dongjae Shin , Huige Lee , Hoyun Song , Alice Oh , Kyungtae Lim

Large language models (LLMs) have garnered unprecedented advancements across diverse fields, ranging from natural language processing to computer vision and beyond. The prowess of LLMs is underpinned by their substantial model size,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-04-10 Weilin Cai , Juyong Jiang , Fan Wang , Jing Tang , Sunghun Kim , Jiayi Huang

Mixture of Experts layers (MoEs) enable efficient scaling of language models through conditional computation. This paper presents a detailed empirical study of how autoregressive MoE language models scale in comparison with dense models in…

Mixture-of-Experts (MoE) models have shown remarkable capability in instruction tuning, especially when the number of tasks scales. However, previous methods simply merge all training tasks (e.g. creative writing, coding, and mathematics)…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-06-18 Tong Zhu , Daize Dong , Xiaoye Qu , Jiacheng Ruan , Wenliang Chen , Yu Cheng

Mixture-of-Experts (MoE) is now the dominant architecture for frontier language models, yet it requires all expert parameters to be loaded in memory, making it less preferable for memory-constrained deployment. Existing compression methods…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-28 Junhyuck Kim , Jihun Yun , Haechan Kim , Gyeongman Kim , Joonghyun Bae , Jaewoong Cho

We propose Chain-of-Experts (CoE), a new Mixture-of-Experts (MoE) architecture that introduces sequential expert communication within each layer. Unlike traditional MoE models, where experts operate independently in parallel, CoE processes…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-06-25 Zihan Wang , Rui Pan , Jiarui Yao , Robert Csordas , Linjie Li , Lu Yin , Jiajun Wu , Tong Zhang , Manling Li , Shiwei Liu

Mixture-of-Experts (MoE) models scale large language models efficiently by sparsely activating experts, but once an expert is selected, it is executed fully. Hence, the trade-off between accuracy and computation in an MoE model typically…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-09 Nurbek Tastan , Stefanos Laskaridis , Karthik Nandakumar , Samuel Horvath

The Mixture of Experts (MoE) is a widely known neural architecture where an ensemble of specialized sub-models optimizes overall performance with a constant computational cost. However, conventional MoEs pose challenges at scale due to the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-09-12 Ted Zadouri , Ahmet Üstün , Arash Ahmadian , Beyza Ermiş , Acyr Locatelli , Sara Hooker

End-to-end models with large capacity have significantly improved multilingual automatic speech recognition, but their computation cost poses challenges for on-device applications. We propose a streaming truly multilingual Conformer…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-05-26 Ke Hu , Bo Li , Tara N. Sainath , Yu Zhang , Francoise Beaufays

Mixture-of-Experts (MoE) language models route each token to a small subset of experts, but whether the routes selected by a trained top-$k$ router are good ones is rarely evaluated directly. Holding the model fixed, we compare each…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-11 Youngsik Yoon , Siwei Wang , Wei Chen , Jungseul Ok

Mixtral, a representative sparse mixture of experts (SMoE) language model, has received significant attention due to its unique model design and superior performance. Based on Mixtral-8x7B-v0.1, in this paper, we propose Chinese-Mixtral and…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-03-05 Yiming Cui , Xin Yao

Mixture of Experts (MoE) models have emerged as a primary solution for reducing the computational cost of Large Language Models. In this work, we analyze their scaling properties, incorporating an expanded range of variables. Specifically,…

We introduce Seed1.5-Thinking, capable of reasoning through thinking before responding, resulting in improved performance on a wide range of benchmarks. Seed1.5-Thinking achieves 86.7 on AIME 2024, 55.0 on Codeforces and 77.3 on GPQA,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-04-30 ByteDance Seed , : , Jiaze Chen , Tiantian Fan , Xin Liu , Lingjun Liu , Zhiqi Lin , Mingxuan Wang , Chengyi Wang , Xiangpeng Wei , Wenyuan Xu , Yufeng Yuan , Yu Yue , Lin Yan , Qiying Yu , Xiaochen Zuo , Chi Zhang , Ruofei Zhu , Zhecheng An , Zhihao Bai , Yu Bao , Xingyan Bin , Jiangjie Chen , Feng Chen , Hongmin Chen , Riwei Chen , Liangqiang Chen , Zixin Chen , Jinsong Chen , Siyan Chen , Kaiyuan Chen , Zhi Chen , Jin Chen , Jiecao Chen , Jinxin Chi , Weinan Dai , Ning Dai , Jiahui Dai , Shihan Dou , Yantao Du , Zhengyin Du , Jianhui Duan , Chen Dun , Ting-Han Fan , Jiazhan Feng , Junda Feng , Ziyuan Feng , Yuwei Fu , Wenqi Fu , Hanjie Fu , Hao Ge , Hongyi Guo , Mingji Han , Li Han , Wenhao Hao , Xintong Hao , Qianyu He , Jerry He , Feng He , Wen Heng , Zehua Hong , Qi Hou , Liang Hu , Shengding Hu , Nan Hu , Kai Hua , Qi Huang , Ziyue Huang , Hongzhi Huang , Zihao Huang , Ting Huang , Wenhao Huang , Wei Jia , Bin Jia , Xiaoying Jia , Yuhua Jiang , Haobin Jiang , Ziheng Jiang , Kaihua Jiang , Chengquan Jiang , Jianpeng Jiao , Xiaoran Jin , Xing Jin , Xunhao Lai , Zheng Li , Xiang Li , Liyi Li , Hongkai Li , Zheng Li , Shengxian Wan , Ya Wang , Yunshui Li , Chenggang Li , Niuniu Li , Siyu Li , Xi Li , Xiao Li , Aoyan Li , Yuntao Li , Nianning Liang , Xinnian Liang , Haibin Lin , Weijian Lin , Ye Lin , Zhicheng Liu , Guanlin Liu , Guanlin Liu , Chenxiao Liu , Yan Liu , Gaohong Liu , Juncai Liu , Chundian Liu , Deyi Liu , Kaibo Liu , Siyao Liu , Qi Liu , Yongfei Liu , Kang Liu , Gan Liu , Boyi Liu , Rui Long , Weiqiang Lou , Chenwei Lou , Xiang Luo , Yao Luo , Caiping Lv , Heyang Lv , Bole Ma , Qianli Ma , Hongzhi Ma , Yiyuan Ma , Jin Ma , Wenchang Ma , Tingting Ma , Chen Mao , Qiyang Min , Zhe Nan , Guanghan Ning , Jinxiang Ou , Haojie Pan , Renming Pang , Yanghua Peng , Tao Peng , Lihua Qian , Lihua Qian , Mu Qiao , Meng Qu , Cheng Ren , Hongbin Ren , Yong Shan , Wei Shen , Ke Shen , Kai Shen , Guangming Sheng , Jinlong Shi , Wenlei Shi , Guang Shi , Shuai Shuai Cao , Yuxin Song , Zuquan Song , Jing Su , Yifan Sun , Tao Sun , Zewei Sun , Borui Wan , Zihan Wang , Xiaohui Wang , Xi Wang , Shuguang Wang , Jun Wang , Qinlong Wang , Chenyuan Wang , Shuai Wang , Zihan Wang , Changbao Wang , Jiaqiang Wang , Shihang Wang , Xuwu Wang , Zaiyuan Wang , Yuxuan Wang , Wenqi Wang , Taiqing Wang , Chengzhi Wei , Houmin Wei , Ziyun Wei , Shufa Wei , Zheng Wu , Yonghui Wu , Yangjun Wu , Bohong Wu , Shuang Wu , Jingqiao Wu , Ning Wu , Shuangzhi Wu , Jianmin Wu , Chenguang Xi , Fan Xia , Yuqiao Xian , Liang Xiang , Boren Xiang , Bowen Xiao , Zhen Xiao , Xia Xiao , Yongsheng Xiao , Chao Xin , Shulin Xin , Yuwen Xiong , Jingjing Xu , Ziwen Xu , Chenyin Xu , Jiayi Xu , Yifan Xu , Wei Xu , Yufei Xu , Shikun Xu , Shipeng Yan , Shen Yan , Qingping Yang , Xi Yang , Tianhao Yang , Yuehang Yang , Yuan Yang , Ximing Yang , Zeyu Yang , Guang Yang , Yifan Yang , Xuesong Yao , Bairen Yi , Fan Yin , Jianian Yin , Ziqiang Ying , Xiangyu Yu , Hongli Yu , Song Yu , Menghan Yu , Huan Yu , Siyu Yuan , Jun Yuan , Yutao Zeng , Tianyang Zhan , Zheng Zhang , Yun Zhang , Mofan Zhang , Wang Zhang , Ru Zhang , Zhi Zhang , Tianqi Zhang , Xinyi Zhang , Zhexi Zhang , Sijun Zhang , Wenqiang Zhang , Xiangxiang Zhang , Yongtao Zhang , Yuyu Zhang , Ge Zhang , He Zhang , Yue Zhang , Renjie Zheng , Ningxin Zheng , Zhuolin Zheng , Yaowei Zheng , Chen Zheng , Xiaoyun Zhi , Wanjun Zhong , Cheng Zhong , Zheng Zhong , Baoquan Zhong , Xun Zhou , Na Zhou , Huan Zhou , Hang Zhu , Defa Zhu , Wenjia Zhu , Lei Zuo

Sparse Mixture-of-Experts (MoE) models enable efficient scalability by activating only a small sub-set of experts per input, yet their massive parameter counts lead to substantial memory and energy inefficiency during inference. Analog…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-04 Mohammed Nowaz Rabbani Chowdhury , Hsinyu Tsai , Geoffrey W. Burr , Kaoutar El Maghraoui , Liu Liu , Meng Wang