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Large Language Model-based Dense Retrieval (LLM-DR) optimizes over numerous heterogeneous fine-tuning collections from different domains. However, the discussion about its training data distribution is still minimal. Previous studies rely…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2025-05-14 Guangyuan Ma , Yongliang Ma , Xing Wu , Zhenpeng Su , Ming Zhou , Songlin Hu

Large language models (LLMs) possess strong semantic understanding, driving significant progress in data mining applications. This is further enhanced by large reasoning models (LRMs), which provide explicit multi-step reasoning traces. On…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-04-07 Aobo Chen , Chenxu Zhao , Chenglin Miao , Mengdi Huai

We study how to perform unlearning, i.e. forgetting undesirable misbehaviors, on large language models (LLMs). We show at least three scenarios of aligning LLMs with human preferences can benefit from unlearning: (1) removing harmful…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-02-20 Yuanshun Yao , Xiaojun Xu , Yang Liu

Machine unlearning aims to efficiently eliminate the influence of specific training data, known as the forget set, from the model. However, existing unlearning methods for Large Language Models (LLMs) face a critical challenge: they rely…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-01-23 Anmol Mekala , Vineeth Dorna , Shreya Dubey , Abhishek Lalwani , David Koleczek , Mukund Rungta , Sadid Hasan , Elita Lobo

Large Language Models (LLMs) are increasingly integrated into real-world applications, raising concerns about privacy, security and the need to remove undesirable knowledge. Machine Unlearning has emerged as a promising solution, yet faces…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-22 Yisheng Zhong , Zhengbang Yang , Zhuangdi Zhu

Unlearning in large language models (LLMs) aims to remove specified data, but its efficacy is typically assessed with task-level metrics like accuracy and perplexity. We show that these metrics can be misleading, as models can appear to…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-19 Xiaoyu Xu , Xiang Yue , Yang Liu , Qingqing Ye , Huadi Zheng , Peizhao Hu , Minxin Du , Haibo Hu

Large Language Models (LLMs) often memorize sensitive, private, or copyrighted data during pre-training. LLM unlearning aims to eliminate the influence of undesirable data from the pre-trained model while preserving the model's utilities on…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-10-14 Ruiqi Zhang , Licong Lin , Yu Bai , Song Mei

Large Language Models (LLMs) demonstrate remarkable capabilities, but their training on massive corpora poses significant risks from memorized sensitive information. To mitigate these issues and align with legal standards, unlearning has…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-11-18 Ruichen Qiu , Jiajun Tan , Jiayue Pu , Honglin Wang , Xiao-Shan Gao , Fei Sun

Large Language Models (LLMs) trained on extensive corpora inevitably retain sensitive data, such as personal privacy information and copyrighted material. Recent advancements in knowledge unlearning involve updating LLM parameters to erase…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-08 Bozhong Tian , Xiaozhuan Liang , Siyuan Cheng , Qingbin Liu , Mengru Wang , Dianbo Sui , Xi Chen , Huajun Chen , Ningyu Zhang

This study investigates the machine unlearning techniques within the context of large language models (LLMs), referred to as \textit{LLM unlearning}. LLM unlearning offers a principled approach to removing the influence of undesirable data…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-03 Jiahui Geng , Qing Li , Herbert Woisetschlaeger , Zongxiong Chen , Fengyu Cai , Yuxia Wang , Preslav Nakov , Hans-Arno Jacobsen , Fakhri Karray

Machine unlearning offers a promising solution to privacy and safety concerns in large language models (LLMs) by selectively removing targeted knowledge while preserving utility. However, current methods are highly sensitive to downstream…

Large language models deployed in sensitive applications increasingly require the ability to unlearn specific knowledge, such as user requests, copyrighted materials, or outdated information, without retraining from scratch to ensure…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-05 Sadia Asif , Mohammad Mohammadi Amiri

Large language model (LLM)-based agents have recently gained considerable attention due to the powerful reasoning capabilities of LLMs. Existing research predominantly focuses on enhancing the task performance of these agents in diverse…

Multiagent Systems · Computer Science 2026-04-02 Dayong Ye , Tainqing Zhu , Congcong Zhu , Feng He , Qi He , Shang Wang , Bo Liu , Wanlei Zhou

Current unlearning methods for large language models usually rely on reverse optimization to reduce target token probabilities. However, this paradigm disrupts the subsequent tokens prediction, degrading model performance and linguistic…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-05-29 Haoming Xu , Ningyuan Zhao , Liming Yang , Sendong Zhao , Shumin Deng , Mengru Wang , Bryan Hooi , Nay Oo , Huajun Chen , Ningyu Zhang

Unlearning seeks to remove specific knowledge from large language models (LLMs), but its effectiveness remains contested. On one side, "forgotten" knowledge can often be recovered through interventions such as light fine-tuning; on the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-09-30 Qingjie Zhang , Haoting Qian , Zhicong Huang , Cheng Hong , Minlie Huang , Ke Xu , Chao Zhang , Han Qiu

Large language model unlearning aims to remove harmful information that LLMs have learnt to prevent their use for malicious purposes. LLMU and RMU have been proposed as two methods for LLM unlearning, achieving impressive results on…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-02-25 Jai Doshi , Asa Cooper Stickland

Recently, large language models (LLMs) have emerged as a notable field, attracting significant attention for its ability to automatically generate intelligent contents for various application domains. However, LLMs still suffer from…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-04-29 Kongyang Chen , Zixin Wang , Bing Mi , Waixi Liu , Shaowei Wang , Xiaojun Ren , Jiaxing Shen

Unlearning in Large Language Models (LLMs) is essential for ensuring ethical and responsible AI use, especially in addressing privacy leak, bias, safety, and evolving regulations. Existing approaches to LLM unlearning often rely on retain…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-16 Yaxuan Wang , Jiaheng Wei , Chris Yuhao Liu , Jinlong Pang , Quan Liu , Ankit Parag Shah , Yujia Bao , Yang Liu , Wei Wei

Large language models (LLMs) require iterative updates to address the outdated information problem, where LLM unlearning offers an approach for selective removal. However, mainstream unlearning methods primarily rely on fine-tuning…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-09-29 Miao Yu , Liang Lin , Guibin Zhang , Xinfeng Li , Junfeng Fang , Xingrui Yu , Ivor Tsang , Ningyu Zhang , Kun Wang , Yang Wang

Large Reasoning Models (LRMs) generate structured chains of thought (CoTs) before producing final answers, making them especially vulnerable to knowledge leakage through intermediate reasoning steps. Yet, the memorization of sensitive…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-04-07 Tuan Le , Wei Qian , Mengdi Huai