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In this paper, we study solution operators of physical field equations on geometric meshes from a function-space perspective. We reveal that Hodge orthogonality fundamentally resolves spectral interference by isolating unlearnable…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-14 Dongzhe Zheng , Tao Zhong , Christine Allen-Blanchette

Optimal control problems with nonsmooth objectives and nonlinear partial differential equation (PDE) constraints are challenging, mainly because of the underlying nonsmooth and nonconvex structures and the demanding computational cost for…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2025-04-25 Yongcun Song , Xiaoming Yuan , Hangrui Yue , Tianyou Zeng

We propose a new deflation strategy to accelerate the convergence of the preconditioned conjugate gradient(PCG) method for solving parametric large-scale linear systems of equations. Unlike traditional deflation techniques that rely on…

Numerical Analysis · Mathematics 2025-08-04 Alena Kopaničáková , Youngkyu Lee , George Em Karniadakis

The generalization of neural networks is a central challenge in machine learning, especially concerning the performance under distributions that differ from training ones. Current methods, mainly based on the data-driven paradigm such as…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-12-18 Yige Yuan , Bingbing Xu , Bo Lin , Liang Hou , Fei Sun , Huawei Shen , Xueqi Cheng

Boundary conditions (BCs) are important groups of physics-enforced constraints that are necessary for solutions of Partial Differential Equations (PDEs) to satisfy at specific spatial locations. These constraints carry important physical…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-03-06 Nadim Saad , Gaurav Gupta , Shima Alizadeh , Danielle C. Maddix

The operator learning has received significant attention in recent years, with the aim of learning a mapping between function spaces. Prior works have proposed deep neural networks (DNNs) for learning such a mapping, enabling the learning…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2024-02-15 Yusuke Tanaka , Takaharu Yaguchi , Tomoharu Iwata , Naonori Ueda

Operator learning is a variant of machine learning that is designed to approximate maps between function spaces from data. The Fourier Neural Operator (FNO) is one of the main model architectures used for operator learning. The FNO combines…

Numerical Analysis · Mathematics 2025-09-29 Samuel Lanthaler , Andrew M. Stuart , Margaret Trautner

Learning the mapping between two function spaces has garnered considerable research attention. However, learning the solution operator of partial differential equations (PDEs) remains a challenge in scientific computing. Fourier neural…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-03-05 Jin Young Shin , Jae Yong Lee , Hyung Ju Hwang

Deep Operator Network (DeepONet), a recently introduced deep learning operator network, approximates linear and nonlinear solution operators by taking parametric functions (infinite-dimensional objects) as inputs and mapping them to…

Computational Engineering, Finance, and Science · Computer Science 2023-10-12 Junyan He , Shashank Kushwaha , Jaewan Park , Seid Koric , Diab Abueidda , Iwona Jasiuk

Since the advent of the ``Neural Ordinary Differential Equation (Neural ODE)'' paper, learning ODEs with deep learning has been applied to system identification, time-series forecasting, and related areas. Exploiting the diffeomorphic…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2025-08-27 Yuji Okamoto , Tomoya Takeuchi , Yusuke Sakemi

We present a dimension-incremental method for function approximation in bounded orthonormal product bases to learn the solutions of various differential equations. Therefore, we decompose the source function of the differential equation…

Numerical Analysis · Mathematics 2025-05-20 Daniel Potts , Fabian Taubert

Simulating and controlling physical systems described by partial differential equations (PDEs) are crucial tasks across science and engineering. Recently, diffusion generative models have emerged as a competitive class of methods for these…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-06-27 Peiyan Hu , Rui Wang , Xiang Zheng , Tao Zhang , Haodong Feng , Ruiqi Feng , Long Wei , Yue Wang , Zhi-Ming Ma , Tailin Wu

Existing architectures for operator learning require that the number and locations of sensors (where the input functions are evaluated) remain the same across all training and test samples, significantly restricting the range of their…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-05-24 Michael Prasthofer , Tim De Ryck , Siddhartha Mishra

Neural operators have emerged as a powerful tool for solving partial differential equations (PDEs) and other complex scientific computing tasks. However, the performance of single operator block is often limited, thus often requiring…

Numerical Analysis · Mathematics 2025-07-18 Yichen Wang , Wenlian Lu

The convergence of Krylov-based linear iterative solvers applied to parametric partial differential equations (PDEs) is often highly sensitive to the domain, its discretization, the location/values of the applied Dirichlet/Neumann boundary…

Numerical Analysis · Mathematics 2026-05-12 Francesc Levrero-Florencio , Youngkyu Lee , Jay Pathak , George Em Karniadakis

Neural Ordinary Differential Equations (Neural ODEs) construct the continuous dynamics of hidden units using ordinary differential equations specified by a neural network, demonstrating promising results on many tasks. However, Neural ODEs…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-01-11 Haoyu Chu , Shikui Wei , Qiming Lu , Yao Zhao

Physics-informed neural operators (PINOs) have emerged as powerful tools for learning solution operators of partial differential equations (PDEs). Recent research has demonstrated that incorporating Lie point symmetry information can…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-06-12 Amy Xiang Wang , Zakhar Shumaylov , Peter Zaika , Ferdia Sherry , Carola-Bibiane Schönlieb

Learning dynamical systems through operator-theoretic representations provides a powerful framework for analyzing complex dynamics, as spectral quantities such as eigenvalues and invariant structures encode characteristic time scales and…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2026-05-19 Thibaut Germain , Sami Chemlal , Rémi Flamary , Vladimir R. Kostic , Karim Lounici

Numerical methods for approximately solving partial differential equations (PDE) are at the core of scientific computing. Often, this requires high-resolution or adaptive discretization grids to capture relevant spatio-temporal features in…

Numerical Analysis · Mathematics 2021-01-19 Suryanarayana Maddu , Dominik Sturm , Bevan L. Cheeseman , Christian L. Müller , Ivo F. Sbalzarini

Partial differential equations (PDEs) are fundamental for modeling complex natural and physical phenomena. In many real-world applications, however, observational data are extremely sparse, which severely limits the applicability of both…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-14 Zhonghao Li , Chaoyu Liu , Qian Zhang