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Federated learning (FL) is a popular distributed machine learning (ML) paradigm, but is often limited by significant communication costs and edge device computation capabilities. Federated Split Learning (FSL) preserves the parallel model…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2023-02-14 Yujia Mu , Cong Shen

Federated fine-tuning of on-device large language models (LLMs) mitigates privacy concerns by preventing raw data sharing. However, the intensive computational and memory demands pose significant challenges for resource-constrained edge…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2026-02-13 Tao Li , Yulin Tang , Yiyang Song , Cong Wu , Xihui Liu , Pan Li , Xianhao Chen

In a real federated learning (FL) system, communication overhead for passing model parameters between the clients and the parameter server (PS) is often a bottleneck. Hierarchical federated learning (HFL) that poses multiple edge servers…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-08-20 Xingrun Yan , Shiyuan Zuo , Rongfei Fan , Han Hu , Li Shen , Puning Zhao , Yong Luo

Split Federated Learning (SFL) offers a promising approach for distributed model training in wireless networks, combining the layer-partitioning advantages of split learning with the federated aggregation that ensures global convergence.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-09 Haoran Gao , Samuel D. Okegbile , Jun Cai

Heterogeneity in federated learning (FL) is a critical and challenging aspect that significantly impacts model performance and convergence. In this paper, we propose a novel framework by formulating heterogeneous FL as a hierarchical…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2025-09-11 Yuyang Qiu , Kibaek Kim , Farzad Yousefian

To enable training of large artificial intelligence (AI) models at the network edge, split federated learning (SFL) has emerged as a promising approach by distributing computation between edge devices and a server. However, while unstable…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2026-04-09 Wei Wei , Zheng Lin , Xihui Liu , Hongyang Du , Dusit Niyato , Xianhao Chen

Deploying large Transformer-based vision models on resource-limited mobile devices at network edge is severely constrained by hardware limitations and dynamic wireless environments. While federated learning (FL) enables collaborative…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2026-05-27 Xianke Qiang , Zheng Chang , Geyong Min

Federated Learning allows the training of machine learning models by using the computation and private data resources of many distributed clients. Most existing results on Federated Learning (FL) assume the clients have ground-truth labels.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-10-12 Enmao Diao , Jie Ding , Vahid Tarokh

Extreme resource constraints make large-scale machine learning (ML) with distributed clients challenging in wireless networks. On the one hand, large-scale ML requires massive information exchange between clients and server(s). On the other…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-03-10 Md-Ferdous Pervej , Andreas F. Molisch

Federated learning (FL) enables multiple clients to collaboratively train a machine learning model without sharing their raw data. However, the limited computation resources of the clients may result in a high delay and energy consumption…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-06 Chuiyang Meng , Ming Tang , Vincent W. S. Wong

Federated Learning has become an important learning paradigm due to its privacy and computational benefits. As the field advances, two key challenges that still remain to be addressed are: (1) system heterogeneity - variability in the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-06-02 Disha Makhija , Nhat Ho , Joydeep Ghosh

Federated Learning is a promising approach for learning from user data while preserving data privacy. However, the high requirements of the model training process make it difficult for clients with limited memory or bandwidth to…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-01-18 Minh K. Quan , Dinh C. Nguyen , Van-Dinh Nguyen , Mayuri Wijayasundara , Sujeeva Setunge , Pubudu N. Pathirana

Federated learning (FL) and split learning (SL) are two popular distributed machine learning approaches. Both follow a model-to-data scenario; clients train and test machine learning models without sharing raw data. SL provides better model…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-02-18 Chandra Thapa , M. A. P. Chamikara , Seyit Camtepe , Lichao Sun

Split Federated Learning (SFL) is a distributed machine learning framework which strategically divides the learning process between a server and clients and collaboratively trains a shared model by aggregating local models updated based on…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-12-29 Jiarong Yang , Yuan Liu

There are situations where data relevant to machine learning problems are distributed across multiple locations that cannot share the data due to regulatory, competitiveness, or privacy reasons. Machine learning approaches that require data…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-06-28 Dimitris Stripelis , Jose Luis Ambite

Federated Learning (FL) is a distributed machine learning paradigm designed for privacy-sensitive applications that run on resource-constrained devices with non-Identically and Independently Distributed (IID) data. Traditional FL frameworks…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-09-24 Omid Tavallaie , Kanchana Thilakarathna , Suranga Seneviratne , Aruna Seneviratne , Albert Y. Zomaya

The hierarchical architecture of Open Radio Access Network (O-RAN) has enabled a new Federated Learning (FL) paradigm that trains models using data from non- and near-real-time (near-RT) Radio Intelligent Controllers (RICs). However, the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-08-05 Shunxian Gu , Chaoqun You , Bangbang Ren , Deke Guo

Federated learning (FL) and split learning (SL) are state-of-the-art distributed machine learning techniques to enable machine learning training without accessing raw data on clients or end devices. However, their \emph{comparative training…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-03-05 Yansong Gao , Minki Kim , Chandra Thapa , Sharif Abuadbba , Zhi Zhang , Seyit A. Camtepe , Hyoungshick Kim , Surya Nepal

Fine-tuning foundation models is critical for superior performance on personalized downstream tasks, compared to using pre-trained models. Collaborative learning can leverage local clients' datasets for fine-tuning, but limited client data…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2025-08-15 Tianjun Yuan , Jiaxiang Geng , Pengchao Han , Xianhao Chen , Bing Luo

Federated learning (FL) is a distributed learning paradigm that enables a large number of mobile devices to collaboratively learn a model under the coordination of a central server without sharing their raw data. Despite its practical…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-09-14 Bing Luo , Xiang Li , Shiqiang Wang , Jianwei Huang , Leandros Tassiulas