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Machine learning (ML) has seen tremendous advancements, but its environmental footprint remains a concern. Acknowledging the growing environmental impact of ML this paper investigates Green ML, examining various model architectures and…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-06-21 Ioannis Mavromatis , Kostas Katsaros , Aftab Khan

The reliability of machine learning (ML) software systems is heavily influenced by changes in data over time. For that reason, ML systems require regular maintenance, typically based on model retraining. However, retraining requires…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-06-18 Lorena Poenaru-Olaru , June Sallou , Luis Cruz , Jan Rellermeyer , Arie van Deursen

The sustainability of Machine Learning-Enabled Systems (MLS), particularly with regard to energy efficiency, is an important challenge in their development and deployment. Self-adaptation techniques, recognized for their potential in energy…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2024-04-18 Meghana Tedla , Shubham Kulkarni , Karthik Vaidhyanathan

The growing demands of the worldwide IT infrastructure stress the need for reduced power consumption, which is addressed in so-called transprecision computing by improving energy efficiency at the expense of precision. For example, reducing…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2020-07-30 Andrea Borghesi , Giuseppe Tagliavini , Michele Lombardi , Luca Benini , Michela Milano

The computation demand for machine learning (ML) has grown rapidly recently, which comes with a number of costs. Estimating the energy cost helps measure its environmental impact and finding greener strategies, yet it is challenging without…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-04-26 David Patterson , Joseph Gonzalez , Quoc Le , Chen Liang , Lluis-Miquel Munguia , Daniel Rothchild , David So , Maud Texier , Jeff Dean

Deep learning models have revolutionized various fields, from image recognition to natural language processing, by achieving unprecedented levels of accuracy. However, their increasing energy consumption has raised concerns about their…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-09-18 Shreyank N Gowda , Xinyue Hao , Gen Li , Shashank Narayana Gowda , Xiaobo Jin , Laura Sevilla-Lara

Multi-tasking machine learning (ML) models exhibit prediction abilities in domains with little to no training data available (few-shot and zero-shot learning). Over-parameterized ML models are further capable of zero-loss training and…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-11-14 Arsam Aryandoust , Thomas Rigoni , Francesco di Stefano , Anthony Patt

Monitoring, understanding, and optimizing the energy consumption of Machine Learning (ML) are various reasons why it is necessary to evaluate the energy usage of ML. However, there exists no universal tool that can answer this question for…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-08-28 Charlotte Rodriguez , Laura Degioanni , Laetitia Kameni , Richard Vidal , Giovanni Neglia

Concerns about the environmental footprint of machine learning are increasing. While studies of energy use and emissions of ML models are a growing subfield, most ML researchers and developers still do not incorporate energy measurement as…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2024-12-25 Akshaya Jagannadharao , Nicole Beckage , Sovan Biswas , Hilary Egan , Jamil Gafur , Thijs Metsch , Dawn Nafus , Giuseppe Raffa , Charles Tripp

The increasing use of machine learning (ML) models in signal processing has raised concerns about their environmental impact, particularly during resource-intensive training phases. In this study, we present a novel methodology for…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-09-10 Constance Douwes , Romain Serizel

Rapid adoption of machine learning (ML) technologies has led to a surge in power consumption across diverse systems, from tiny IoT devices to massive datacenter clusters. Benchmarking the energy efficiency of these systems is crucial for…

The advent of larger machine learning (ML) models have improved state-of-the-art (SOTA) performance in various modeling tasks, ranging from computer vision to natural language. As ML models continue increasing in size, so does their…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-03-31 Omar Shaikh , Jon Saad-Falcon , Austin P Wright , Nilaksh Das , Scott Freitas , Omar Isaac Asensio , Duen Horng Chau

As we enter the exascale computing era, efficiently utilizing power and optimizing the performance of scientific applications under power and energy constraints has become critical and challenging. We propose a low-overhead autotuning…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2023-03-30 Xingfu Wu , Prasanna Balaprakash , Michael Kruse , Jaehoon Koo , Brice Videau , Paul Hovland , Valerie Taylor , Brad Geltz , Siddhartha Jana , Mary Hall

To raise awareness of the environmental impact of deep learning (DL), many studies estimate the energy use of DL systems. However, energy estimates during DL training often rely on unverified assumptions. This work addresses that gap by…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-09-26 Santiago del Rey , Luís Cruz , Xavier Franch , Silverio Martínez-Fernández

The increasing deployment of large language models (LLMs) in natural language processing (NLP) tasks raises concerns about energy efficiency and sustainability. While prior research has largely focused on energy consumption during model…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-22 Johannes Zschache , Tilman Hartwig

Deep learning models undergo a significant increase in the number of parameters they possess, leading to the execution of a larger number of operations during inference. This expansion significantly contributes to higher energy consumption…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-07-04 Dario Lazzaro , Antonio Emanuele Cinà , Maura Pintor , Ambra Demontis , Battista Biggio , Fabio Roli , Marcello Pelillo

Modern machine learning models have started to consume incredible amounts of energy, thus incurring large carbon footprints (Strubell et al., 2019). To address this issue, we have created an energy estimation pipeline1, which allows…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-04-04 Johannes Getzner , Bertrand Charpentier , Stephan Günnemann

We examine the computational energy requirements of different systems driven by the geometrical scaling law, and increasing use of Artificial Intelligence or Machine Learning (AI-ML) over the last decade. With more scientific and technology…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2022-11-30 Sadasivan Shankar , Albert Reuther

We present EnergyLens, an end-to-end framework for energy-aware large language model (LLM) inference optimization. As LLMs scale, predicting and reducing their energy footprint has become critical for sustainability and datacenter…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-15 Zhiye Song , Kyungmi Lee , Eun Kyung Lee , Xin Zhang , Tamar Eilam , Anantha P. Chandrakasan

The rapid deployment of machine learning across platforms from milliwatt-class TinyML devices to large language models has made energy efficiency a primary constraint for sustainable AI. Across these scales, performance and energy are…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2026-03-26 Mohammad Saleh Vahdatpour , Yanqing Zhang
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