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As Pre-trained Language Models (PLMs), a popular approach for code intelligence, continue to grow in size, the computational cost of their usage has become prohibitively expensive. Prompt learning, a recent development in the field of…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2024-03-21 Chengzhe Feng , Yanan Sun , Ke Li , Pan Zhou , Jiancheng Lv , Aojun Lu

Large Language Models (LLMs) can generate code from natural language, but their performance is highly sensitive to prompt formulation. We propose a reinforcement-learning-based framework that models prompt refinement as a sequential…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-05-20 Ali Mohammadi Esfahani , Nafiseh Kahani , Samuel A. Ajila

We propose a novel application of prompting Pre-trained Language Models (PLMs) to generate analogies and study how to design effective prompts for two task settings: generating a source concept analogous to a given target concept (aka…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-10-12 Bhavya Bhavya , Jinjun Xiong , Chengxiang Zhai

Large Language Models (LLMs) have demonstrated remarkable performance across various tasks by effectively utilizing a prompting strategy. However, they are highly sensitive to input perturbations, such as typographical errors or slight…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-27 Lin Mu , Guowei Chu , Li Ni , Lei Sang , Yiwen Zhang

Deploying large language models (LLMs) for online inference is often constrained by limited GPU memory, particularly due to the growing KV cache during auto-regressive decoding. Hybrid GPU-CPU execution has emerged as a promising solution…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2026-01-16 Jiakun Fan , Yanglin Zhang , Xiangchen Li , Dimitrios S. Nikolopoulos

Large Language Models (LLMs) have improved substantially alignment, yet their behavior remains highly sensitive to prompt phrasing. This brittleness has motivated automated prompt engineering, but most existing methods (i) require a…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-05 Bartosz Dziuba , Kacper Kuchta , Paweł Batorski , Przemysław Spurek , Paul Swoboda

Loop transformations are semantics-preserving optimization techniques, widely used to maximize objectives such as parallelism. Despite decades of research, applying the optimal composition of loop transformations remains challenging due to…

Programming Languages · Computer Science 2025-12-19 Yijie Zhi , Yayu Cao , Jianhua Dai , Xiaoyang Han , Jingwen Pu , Qingran Wu , Sheng Cheng , Ming Cai

Large Language Models (LLMs) have achieved remarkable success in reasoning tasks with the development of prompting methods. However, existing prompting approaches cannot reuse insights of solving similar problems and suffer from accumulated…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-06-18 Junchi Yu , Ran He , Rex Ying

Prompting techniques such as chain-of-thought have established themselves as a popular vehicle for improving the outputs of large language models (LLMs). For code generation, however, their exact mechanics and efficacy are under-explored.…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-04-09 Kunhao Zheng , Juliette Decugis , Jonas Gehring , Taco Cohen , Benjamin Negrevergne , Gabriel Synnaeve

This study critically evaluates the efficacy of prompting methods in enhancing the mathematical reasoning capability of large language models (LLMs). The investigation uses three prescriptive prompting methods - simple, persona, and…

Prompt design plays a crucial role in text-to-video (T2V) generation, yet user-provided prompts are often short, unstructured, and misaligned with training data, limiting the generative potential of diffusion-based T2V models. We present…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-05-15 Bingjie Gao , Qianli Ma , Xiaoxue Wu , Shuai Yang , Guanzhou Lan , Haonan Zhao , Jiaxuan Chen , Qingyang Liu , Yu Qiao , Xinyuan Chen , Yaohui Wang , Li Niu

Prompt engineering is crucial for leveraging the full potential of large language models (LLMs). While automatic prompt optimization offers a scalable alternative to costly manual design, generating effective prompts remains challenging.…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-09-30 Wenhang Shi , Yiren Chen , Shuqing Bian , Xinyi Zhang , Kai Tang , Pengfei Hu , Zhe Zhao , Wei Lu , Xiaoyong Du

This paper investigates how prompt engineering techniques impact both accuracy and confidence elicitation in Large Language Models (LLMs) applied to medical contexts. Using a stratified dataset of Persian board exam questions across…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2025-06-03 Nariman Naderi , Zahra Atf , Peter R Lewis , Aref Mahjoub far , Seyed Amir Ahmad Safavi-Naini , Ali Soroush

Large language models (LLMs) have become increasingly capable of following instructions and complex reasoning, making prompting a flexible interface for adapting models without parameter updates. Yet prompt design remains labor-intensive…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-22 Farima Fatahi Bayat , Moin Aminnaseri , Pouya Pezeshkpour , Estevam Hruschka

We study the task of prompting large-scale language models to perform multi-step reasoning. Existing work shows that when prompted with a chain of thoughts (CoT), sequences of short sentences describing intermediate reasoning steps towards…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-01-31 Yao Fu , Hao Peng , Ashish Sabharwal , Peter Clark , Tushar Khot

Large Language Models (LLMs) are machine learning models that have seen widespread adoption due to their capability of handling previously difficult tasks. LLMs, due to their training, are sensitive to how exactly a question is presented,…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-12-22 Jae Yong Lee , Sungmin Kang , Shin Yoo

Prompt-tuning (PT) for large language models (LLMs) can facilitate the performance on various conventional NLP tasks with significantly fewer trainable parameters. However, our investigation reveals that PT provides limited improvement and…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-04-15 Sinan Fan , Liang Xie , Chen Shen , Ge Teng , Xiaosong Yuan , Xiaofeng Zhang , Chenxi Huang , Wenxiao Wang , Xiaofei He , Jieping Ye

Code runtime optimization-the task of rewriting a given code to a faster one-remains challenging, as it requires reasoning about performance trade-offs involving algorithmic and structural choices. Recent approaches employ code-LLMs with…

Programming Languages · Computer Science 2025-10-14 Su-Hyeon Kim , Joonghyuk Hahn , Sooyoung Cha , Yo-Sub Han

We introduce meta-prompting, an effective scaffolding technique designed to enhance the functionality of language models (LMs). This approach transforms a single LM into a multi-faceted conductor, adept at managing and integrating multiple…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-01-24 Mirac Suzgun , Adam Tauman Kalai

Language models (LMs) trained on vast quantities of unlabelled data have greatly advanced the field of natural language processing (NLP). In this study, we re-visit the widely accepted notion in NLP that continued pre-training LMs on…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-10-09 Zhengxiang Shi , Aldo Lipani