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We show a systematic construction for implementing general measurements on a single qubit, including both strong (or projection) and weak measurements. We mainly focus on linear optical qubits. The present approach is composed of simple and…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2012-04-13 Yukihiro Ota , Sahel Ashhab , Franco Nori

We analyze the linear optical realization of number-sum Bell measurement and number-state manipulation by taking into account the realistic experimental situation, specifically imperfectness of single-photon detector. The present scheme for…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2009-11-10 Akira Kitagawa , Katsuji Yamamoto

Quantum information processing using linear optics is challenging due to the limited set of deterministic operations achievable without using complicated resource-intensive methods. While techniques such as the use of ancillary photons can…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2022-12-14 Dov Fields , Janos A. Bergou , Mark Hillery , Siddhartha Santra , Vladimir Malinovsky

Quantum computing offers significant speedups, but the large number of physical qubits required for quantum error correction introduces engineering challenges for a monolithic architecture. One solution is to distribute the logical quantum…

Quantum error-correcting codes are a vital technology for demonstrating reliable quantum computation. They require data qubits for encoding quantum information and ancillary qubits for taking error syndromes necessary for error correction.…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-08-12 Shintaro Sato , Yasunari Suzuki

We realize a suite of logical operations on a distance-two logical qubit stabilized using repeated error detection cycles. Logical operations include initialization into arbitrary states, measurement in the cardinal bases of the Bloch…

The ubiquity of stabilizer circuits in the design and operation of quantum computers makes techniques to verify their correctness essential. The simulation of stabilizer circuits, which aims to replicate their behavior using a classical…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-09-19 Vadym Kliuchnikov , Michael Beverland , Adam Paetznick

In the device-independent quantum information approach, the implementation of a given task can be self-tested solely from the recorded statistics and without detailed models for the employed devices. Even though experimentally demanding, it…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2021-01-20 Máté Farkas , Nayda Guerrero , Jaime Cariñe , Gustavo Cañas , Gustavo Lima

Bell sampling is a simple yet powerful tool based on measuring two copies of a quantum state in the Bell basis, and has found applications in a plethora of problems related to stabiliser states and measures of magic. However, it was not…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-11-13 Jonathan Allcock , Joao F. Doriguello , Gábor Ivanyos , Miklos Santha

Universal quantum computers require fault-tolerant logical qudits, as qudits naturally align with the simulation of multi-level physical systems. Here, we present a general framework and working examples for encoding fault-tolerant logical…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-04-24 Sumin Lim

Bell inequalities play a central role in the study of quantum non-locality and entanglement, with many applications in quantum information. Despite the huge literature on Bell inequalities, it is not easy to find a clear conceptual answer…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2012-06-21 Samson Abramsky , Lucien Hardy

Quantum error correction offers a promising path for performing quantum computations with low errors. Although a fully fault-tolerant execution of a quantum algorithm remains unrealized, recent experimental developments, along with…

We introduce homological measurement, a framework for measuring the logical Pauli operators encoded in CSS stabilizer codes. The framework is based on the algebraic description of such codes as chain complexes. Protocols such as lattice…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-07-11 Benjamin Ide , Manoj G. Gowda , Priya J. Nadkarni , Guillaume Dauphinais

Quantum computers will eventually reach a size at which quantum error correction becomes imperative. Quantum information can be protected from qubit imperfections and flawed control operations by encoding a single logical qubit in multiple…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2018-03-15 N. M. Linke , M. Gutierrez , K. A. Landsman , C. Figgatt , S. Debnath , K. R. Brown , C. Monroe

Quantum error correction is indispensable to achieving reliable quantum computation. When quantum information is encoded redundantly, a larger Hilbert space is constructed using multiple physical qubits, and the computation is performed…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-01-29 Hoshitaro Ohnishi , Hideo Mukai

Bell inequalities constitute a key tool in quantum information theory: they not only allow one to reveal nonlocality in composite quantum systems, but, more importantly, they can be used to certify relevant properties thereof. We provide a…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2020-01-22 F. Baccari , R. Augusiak , I. Šupić , J. Tura , A. Acín

We introduce a simple protocol for verifiable measurement-only blind quantum computing. Alice, a client, can perform only single-qubit measurements, whereas Bob, a server, can generate and store entangled many-qubit states. Bob generates…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2015-12-02 Masahito Hayashi , Tomoyuki Morimae

High-quality photonic Bell state measurements (BSMs) enable scalable universal quantum computing and long distance quantum communication. However, when implemented with linear optics, BSMs are fundamentally probabilistic, introducing…

Bell measurements, entailing the projection onto one of the Bell states, play a key role in quantum information and communication, where the outcome of a variety of protocols crucially depends on the success probability of such…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-06-24 Luca Bianchi , Carlo Marconi , Jan Sperling , Davide Bacco

This study explores the feasibility of utilizing quantum error correction (QEC) to generate and store logical Bell states in heralded quantum entanglement protocols, crucial for quantum repeater networks. Two lattice surgery-based protocols…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-08-12 Vladlen Galetsky , Nilesh Vyas , Alberto Comin , Janis Nötzel