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Aligning large language models (LLMs) to human preferences is a crucial step in building helpful and safe AI tools, which usually involve training on supervised datasets. Popular algorithms such as Direct Preference Optimization (DPO) rely…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-05 Honggen Zhang , Xufeng Zhao , Igor Molybog , June Zhang

In this contribution, the performance of a multi-user system is analyzed in the context of frequency selective fading channels. Using game theoretic tools, a useful framework is provided in order to determine the optimal power allocation…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2016-11-18 Nicolas Bonneau , Mérouane Debbah , Eitan Altman , Are Hjørungnes

Large language models (LLMs) remain unreliable for global enterprise applications due to substantial performance gaps between high-resource and mid/low-resource languages, driven by English-centric pretraining and internal reasoning biases.…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-28 Amit Agarwal , Hansa Meghwani , Hitesh Laxmichand Patel , Tao Sheng , Sujith Ravi , Dan Roth

Large language models (LLMs) are increasingly being used as decision aids. However, users have diverse values and preferences that can affect their decision-making, which requires novel methods for LLM alignment and personalization.…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-07-15 Bharadwaj Ravichandran , David Joy , Paul Elliott , Brian Hu , Jadie Adams , Christopher Funk , Emily Veenhuis , Anthony Hoogs , Arslan Basharat

Reinforcement learning from self-play has recently reported many successes. Self-play, where the agents compete with themselves, is often used to generate training data for iterative policy improvement. In previous work, heuristic rules are…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-09-15 Yuanyi Zhong , Yuan Zhou , Jian Peng

Ideal or real - that is the question.In this work, we explore whether principles from game theory can be effectively applied to the evaluation of large language models (LLMs). This inquiry is motivated by the growing inadequacy of…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-07 Gao Yang , Yuhang Liu , Siyu Miao , Xinyue Liang , Zhengyang Liu , Heyan Huang

Large Language Model (LLM) alignment conventionally relies on supervised fine-tuning or reinforcement learning based alignment frameworks. These methods typically require labeled or preference datasets and involve updating model weights to…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-03-21 Reem I. Masoud , Martin Ferianc , Philip Treleaven , Miguel Rodrigues

Reinforcement Learning from Human Feedback (RLHF) effectively aligns Large Language Models (LLMs) with aggregate human preferences but often fails to address the diverse and conflicting needs of individual users. To overcome this issue, we…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-21 Yinlam Chow , Guy Tennenholtz , Ted Yun , James Harrison , Arthur Gretton , Andre Barreto , Bo Dai

Aligning AI systems with organizational decision-making is typically framed as a single-target problem: make the model behave like the organization. We argue this framing obscures a deeper pluralistic challenge. We rely on a decision-policy…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-05-26 Niklas Weller , Emilio Barkett

Test-time alignment of large language models (LLMs) attracts attention because fine-tuning LLMs requires high computational costs. In this paper, we propose a new test-time alignment method called adaptive importance sampling on pre-logits…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-13 Sekitoshi Kanai , Tsukasa Yoshida , Hiroshi Takahashi , Haru Kuroki , Kazumune Hashimoto

Existing approaches for aligning large language models with human preferences face a trade-off that requires a separate reward model (RM) for on-policy learning. In this paper, we present a novel alignment framework, SELF-JUDGE that (1)…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-06-26 Sangkyu Lee , Sungdong Kim , Ashkan Yousefpour , Minjoon Seo , Kang Min Yoo , Youngjae Yu

Alignment with human preferences is commonly framed using a universal reward function, even though human preferences are inherently heterogeneous. We formalize this heterogeneity by introducing user types and examine the limits of the…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-02-25 Ali Shirali , Arash Nasr-Esfahany , Abdullah Alomar , Parsa Mirtaheri , Rediet Abebe , Ariel Procaccia

Reinforcement learning from human feedback (RLHF) has emerged as a powerful technique to make large language models (LLMs) more capable in complex settings. RLHF proceeds as collecting human preference data, training a reward model on said…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-02-05 Nathan Lambert , Roberto Calandra

Examining the behavior of multi-agent systems is vitally important to many emerging distributed applications - game theory has emerged as a powerful tool set in which to do so. The main approach of game-theoretic techniques is to model…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2024-06-03 Rohit Konda , Rahul Chandan , Jason Marden

Feedback Nash equilibrium strategies in multi-agent dynamic games require availability of all players' state information to compute control actions. However, in real-world scenarios, sensing and communication limitations between agents make…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2025-04-10 Xinjie Liu , Jingqi Li , Filippos Fotiadis , Mustafa O. Karabag , Jesse Milzman , David Fridovich-Keil , Ufuk Topcu

Reinforcement Learning frameworks, particularly those utilizing human annotations, have become an increasingly popular method for preference fine-tuning, where the outputs of a language model are tuned to match a certain set of behavioral…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-21 Archie Chaudhury

Reinforcement Learning from Human Feedback (RLHF) is widely used for aligning large language models, yet practitioners face a persistent puzzle: improving safety often reduces fairness, scaling to diverse populations becomes computationally…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-11-26 Subramanyam Sahoo , Aman Chadha , Vinija Jain , Divya Chaudhary

Large language models (LLMs) demonstrate strong reasoning abilities across mathematical, strategic, and linguistic tasks, yet little is known about how well they reason in dynamic, real-time, multi-agent scenarios, such as collaborative…

Multiagent Systems · Computer Science 2026-01-01 Shaurya Mallampati , Rashed Shelim , Walid Saad , Naren Ramakrishnan

This paper studies the problem of Nash equilibrium approximation in large-scale heterogeneous mean-field games under communication and computation constraints. A deterministic mean-field game is considered in which the non-linear utility…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2017-09-20 Ehsan Nekouei , Tansu Alpcan , Girish Nair

The field of artificial intelligence (AI) alignment aims to investigate whether AI technologies align with human interests and values and function in a safe and ethical manner. AI alignment is particularly relevant for large language models…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2023-01-18 Thilo Hagendorff , Sarah Fabi