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One of the mysteries in the success of neural networks is randomly initialized first order methods like gradient descent can achieve zero training loss even though the objective function is non-convex and non-smooth. This paper demystifies…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-02-06 Simon S. Du , Xiyu Zhai , Barnabas Poczos , Aarti Singh

The success of deep neural networks hinges on our ability to accurately and efficiently optimize high-dimensional, non-convex functions. In this paper, we empirically investigate the loss functions of state-of-the-art networks, and how…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2017-12-11 Daniel Jiwoong Im , Michael Tao , Kristin Branson

A key challenge in modern deep learning theory is to explain the remarkable success of gradient-based optimization methods when training large-scale, complex deep neural networks. Though linear convergence of such methods has been proved…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-09-30 Yash Jakhmola

Interpreting gradient methods as fixed-point iterations, we provide a detailed analysis of those methods for minimizing convex objective functions. Due to their conceptual and algorithmic simplicity, gradient methods are widely used in…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2017-08-16 Alexander Jung

The field of artificial neural network (ANN) training has garnered significant attention in recent years, with researchers exploring various mathematical techniques for optimizing the training process. In particular, this paper focuses on…

Functional Analysis · Mathematics 2023-06-23 Arzu Ahmadova

We study the convergence of gradient flows related to learning deep linear neural networks (where the activation function is the identity map) from data. In this case, the composition of the network layers amounts to simply multiplying the…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2020-10-16 Bubacarr Bah , Holger Rauhut , Ulrich Terstiege , Michael Westdickenberg

The ability of learning useful features is one of the major advantages of neural networks. Although recent works show that neural network can operate in a neural tangent kernel (NTK) regime that does not allow feature learning, many works…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-11-06 Mo Zhou , Rong Ge

We study non-convex subgradient flows for training two-layer ReLU neural networks from a convex geometry and duality perspective. We characterize the implicit bias of unregularized non-convex gradient flow as convex regularization of an…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-10-14 Yifei Wang , Mert Pilanci

We study the properties of alignment, a form of implicit regularization, in linear neural networks under gradient descent. We define alignment for fully connected networks with multidimensional outputs and show that it is a natural…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-06-18 Adityanarayanan Radhakrishnan , Eshaan Nichani , Daniel Bernstein , Caroline Uhler

We analyze the convergence of (stochastic) gradient descent algorithm for learning a convolutional filter with Rectified Linear Unit (ReLU) activation function. Our analysis does not rely on any specific form of the input distribution and…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2018-03-01 Simon S. Du , Jason D. Lee , Yuandong Tian

We consider the dynamics of gradient descent (GD) in overparameterized single hidden layer neural networks with a squared loss function. Recently, it has been shown that, under some conditions, the parameter values obtained using GD achieve…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-05-17 Siddhartha Satpathi , R Srikant

The optimization foundations of deep linear networks have recently received significant attention. However, due to their inherent non-convexity and hierarchical structure, analyzing the loss functions of deep linear networks remains a…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2025-09-24 Po Chen , Rujun Jiang , Peng Wang

Image classification based on over-parametrized convolutional neural networks with a global average-pooling layer is considered. The weights of the network are learned by gradient descent. A bound on the rate of convergence of the…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2024-05-14 Michael Kohler , Adam Krzyzak , Benjamin Walter

A recent line of work has shown remarkable behaviors of the generalization error curves in simple learning models. Even the least-squares regression has shown atypical features such as the model-wise double descent, and further works have…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2022-12-20 Antoine Bodin , Nicolas Macris

We study the gradient descent (GD) dynamics of a depth-2 linear neural network with a single input and output. We show that GD converges at an explicit linear rate to a global minimum of the training loss, even with a large stepsize --…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-01-22 Pierfrancesco Beneventano , Blake Woodworth

Implicit deep learning has received increasing attention recently due to the fact that it generalizes the recursive prediction rules of many commonly used neural network architectures. Its prediction rule is provided implicitly based on the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-02-21 Tianxiang Gao , Hailiang Liu , Jia Liu , Hridesh Rajan , Hongyang Gao

Gradient descent (GD) methods for the training of artificial neural networks (ANNs) belong nowadays to the most heavily employed computational schemes in the digital world. Despite the compelling success of such methods, it remains an open…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2025-09-01 Shokhrukh Ibragimov , Arnulf Jentzen , Adrian Riekert

In this paper, we study the implicit regularization of the gradient descent algorithm in homogeneous neural networks, including fully-connected and convolutional neural networks with ReLU or LeakyReLU activations. In particular, we study…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-01-01 Kaifeng Lyu , Jian Li

It has been shown that gradient descent can yield the zero training loss in the over-parametrized regime (the width of the neural networks is much larger than the number of data points). In this work, combining the ideas of some existing…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2019-11-05 Lei Li

Deep learning models are often successfully trained using gradient descent, despite the worst case hardness of the underlying non-convex optimization problem. The key question is then under what conditions can one prove that optimization…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2017-02-28 Alon Brutzkus , Amir Globerson