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Large language models (LLMs) have achieved impressive reasoning performance, with reinforcement learning with verifiable rewards (RLVR) emerging as a standard paradigm for post-training. A representative algorithm, group relative policy…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-01 Yuheng Zhang , Wenlin Yao , Changlong Yu , Yao Liu , Qingyu Yin , Bing Yin , Hyokun Yun , Lihong Li

The advantage function is a central concept in RL that helps reduce variance in policy gradient estimates. For language modeling, Group Relative Policy Optimization (GRPO) was proposed to use the within-group sample mean as a baseline for…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-04-23 Hu Wang , Congbo Ma , Ian Reid , Mohammad Yaqub

Recent advancements in reinforcement learning, particularly through Group Relative Policy Optimization (GRPO), have significantly improved multimodal large language models for complex reasoning tasks. However, two critical limitations…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-06-10 Jisheng Dang , Jingze Wu , Teng Wang , Xuanhui Lin , Nannan Zhu , Hongbo Chen , Wei-Shi Zheng , Meng Wang , Tat-Seng Chua

Reinforcement Learning with Verifiable Rewards (RLVR) has emerged as an effective approach for improving the reasoning abilities of large language models (LLMs). The Group Relative Policy Optimization (GRPO) family has demonstrated strong…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-11-10 Chenxi Liu , Junjie Liang , Yuqi Jia , Bochuan Cao , Yang Bai , Heng Huang , Xun Chen

Recent progress in Large Language Model (LLM) reasoning is increasingly driven by the refinement of post-training loss functions and alignment strategies. However, standard Reinforcement Learning (RL) paradigms like Group Relative Policy…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-01-28 Kishan Panaganti , Zhenwen Liang , Wenhao Yu , Haitao Mi , Dong Yu

Recent advances in large language models (LLMs) highlight the importance of post training techniques for improving reasoning and mathematical ability. Group Relative Policy Optimization (GRPO) has shown promise in this domain by combining…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-20 Gabriele Carrino , Andrea Sassella , Nicolo Brunello , Federico Toschi , Mark James Carman

Reinforcement Learning with Verifiable Rewards (RLVR) has proven effective for enhancing Large Language Models (LLMs) on complex reasoning tasks. However, existing methods suffer from an exploration dilemma: the sharply peaked initial…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-09-30 Yuhua Jiang , Jiawei Huang , Yufeng Yuan , Xin Mao , Yu Yue , Qianchuan Zhao , Lin Yan

Reinforcement Learning with Verifiable Rewards (RLVR) has proven effective for Large Language Model (LLM) reasoning, yet current methods face key challenges in resource allocation and policy optimization dynamics: (i) uniform rollout…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-04-24 Yangyi Fang , Jiaye Lin , Xiaoliang Fu , Cong Qin , Haolin Shi , Chaowen Hu , Lu Pan , Ke Zeng , Xunliang Cai

Recent works have demonstrated the effectiveness of reinforcement learning (RL)-based post-training for enhancing the reasoning capabilities of large language models (LLMs). In particular, Group Relative Policy Optimization (GRPO) has shown…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-02-05 Jinyoung Park , Jeehye Na , Jinyoung Kim , Hyunwoo J. Kim

Reinforcement learning with group-based objectives, such as Group Relative Policy Optimization (GRPO), is a common framework for aligning large language models on complex reasoning tasks. However, standard GRPO treats each rollout…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-04-10 Lang Cao , Hui Ruan , Yongqian Li , Peng Chao , Wu Ning , Haonan Song , Renhong Chen , Yitong Li

Reinforcement learning with verifiable rewards (RLVR) has emerged as a central paradigm for improving the reasoning capabilities of large language models. Group-based policy optimization methods, such as GRPO, typically allocate a fixed…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-11 Tao Wang , Shuo Li , Yan Sun , Dongsheng Ding , Edgar Dobriban

Reinforcement Learning with Verifiable Reward (RLVR) is a powerful method for enhancing the reasoning abilities of Large Language Models, but its full potential is limited by a lack of exploration in two key areas: Depth (the difficulty of…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-04-14 Zhicheng Yang , Zhijiang Guo , Yinya Huang , Yongxin Wang , Dongchun Xie , Hanhui Li , Yiwei Wang , Xiaodan Liang , Jing Tang

Reinforcement learning with verifiable rewards (RLVR) has emerged as an effective post-training paradigm for improving the reasoning capabilities of large language models. However, existing group-based RLVR methods often suffer from severe…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-26 Haechan Kim , Soohyun Ryu , Gyouk Chu , Doohyuk Jang , Eunho Yang

Group Relative Policy Optimization (GRPO) was introduced and used recently for promoting reasoning in LLMs under verifiable (binary) rewards. We show that the mean + variance calibration of these rewards induces a weighted contrastive loss…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-22 Youssef Mroueh

Reinforcement learning with verifiable rewards (RLVR) has become a central paradigm for improving reasoning and code generation in large language models, and GRPO-style training is widely adopted for its simplicity and effectiveness.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-07 Zhiyuan Zeng , Jiameng Huang , Zhangyue Yin , Jiashuo Liu , Ziniu Li , Bingrui Li , Yuhao Wu , Yining Zheng , Ge Zhang , Wenhao Huang , Xipeng Qiu

Reinforcement Learning from Verifiable Rewards (RLVR) has substantially enhanced the reasoning capabilities of large language models in abstract reasoning tasks. However, its application to Large Vision-Language Models (LVLMs) remains…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-03-31 Yuhang Han , Yuyang Wu , Zhengbo Jiao , Yiyu Wang , Xuyang Liu , Shaobo Wang , Hanlin Xu , Xuming Hu , Linfeng Zhang

Reinforcement Learning with Verifiable Rewards (RLVR), which uses simple binary feedback to post-train large language models, has found significant empirical success. However, a principled understanding of why it works is lacking. This…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-08 Joe Suk , Yaqi Duan

Reinforcement learning with verifiable rewards (RLVR) has improved the reasoning ability of large language models, yet training remains costly because many rollouts contribute little to optimization, considering the amount of computation…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-20 Yan Sun , Jia Guo , Stanley Kok , Zihao Wang , Zujie Wen , Zhiqiang Zhang

Diffusion large language models (dLLMs) offer a promising route to parallel and efficient text generation, but improving their reasoning ability requires effective post-training. Reinforcement learning with verifiable rewards (RLVR) is a…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-12 Zichao Yu , Shengze Xu , Bingqing Jiang , Wenyi Zhang , Difan Zou

RLVR has become a widely adopted paradigm for improving LLMs' reasoning capabilities, and GRPO is one of its most representative algorithms. In this paper, we first show that GRPO admits an equivalent discriminative reformulation as a…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-19 Feng Zhang , Xinhong Ma , Ziqiang Dong , Xi Leng , Jianfei Zhao , Xin Sun , Yang Yang , Guanjun Jiang