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In recent times, the detection of hate-speech, offensive, or abusive language in online media has become an important topic in NLP research due to the exponential growth of social media and the propagation of such messages, as well as their…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-05-31 Andrei Paraschiv , Mihai Dascalu , Dumitru-Clementin Cercel

The proliferation of hate speech on social media platforms has necessitated the development of effective detection and moderation tools. This study evaluates the efficacy of various machine learning models in identifying hate speech and…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-02-25 Saurabh Mishra , Shivani Thakur , Radhika Mamidi

Women are twice as likely as men to face online harassment due to their gender. Despite recent advances in multimodal content moderation, most approaches still overlook the social dynamics behind this phenomenon, where perpetrators…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-01-14 Paolo Italiani , David Gimeno-Gomez , Luca Ragazzi , Gianluca Moro , Paolo Rosso

Online hate speech is an important issue that breaks the cohesiveness of online social communities and even raises public safety concerns in our societies. Motivated by this rising issue, researchers have developed many traditional machine…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-03-23 Rui Cao , Roy Ka-Wei Lee , Tuan-Anh Hoang

In the past few years, there has been a surge of interest in multi-modal problems, from image captioning to visual question answering and beyond. In this paper, we focus on hate speech detection in multi-modal memes wherein memes pose an…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2021-01-01 Abhishek Das , Japsimar Singh Wahi , Siyao Li

Automatic detection of online hate speech serves as a crucial step in the detoxification of the online discourse. Moreover, accurate classification can promote a better understanding of the proliferation of hate as a social phenomenon.…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-09-24 Tom Marzea , Abraham Israeli , Oren Tsur

Explainable AI (XAI) has emerged as a powerful tool for improving the performance of AI models, going beyond providing model transparency and interpretability. The scarcity of labeled data remains a fundamental challenge in developing…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-05 Melkamu Abay Mersha , Mesay Gemeda Yigezu , Atnafu Lambebo Tonja , Hassan Shakil , Samer Iskander , Olga Kolesnikova , Jugal Kalita

This work investigates the challenging task of identifying narrative roles - Hero, Villain, Victim, and Other - in Internet memes, across three diverse test sets spanning English and code-mixed (English-Hindi) languages. Building on an…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-07-01 Shivam Sharma , Tanmoy Chakraborty

Our study addresses a significant gap in online hate speech detection research by focusing on homophobia, an area often neglected in sentiment analysis research. Utilising advanced sentiment analysis models, particularly BERT, and…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-05-16 Josh McGiff , Nikola S. Nikolov

Combating online hate speech in multilingual settings requires approaches that go beyond English-centric models and capture the cultural and linguistic diversity of global online discourse. This paper presents a comprehensive survey and…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-23 Zahra Safdari Fesaghandis , Suman Kalyan Maity

Hateful meme detection presents a significant challenge as a multimodal task due to the complexity of interpreting implicit hate messages and contextual cues within memes. Previous approaches have fine-tuned pre-trained vision-language…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-02-18 Ming Shan Hee , Roy Ka-Wei Lee

Language identification of social media text has been an interesting problem of study in recent years. Social media messages are predominantly in code mixed in non-English speaking states. Prior knowledge by pre-training contextual…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-07-05 Mohd Zeeshan Ansari , M M Sufyan Beg , Tanvir Ahmad , Mohd Jazib Khan , Ghazali Wasim

Hate speech is considered to be one of the major issues currently plaguing online social media. Repeated and repetitive exposure to hate speech has been shown to create physiological effects on the target users. Thus, hate speech, in all…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-11-30 Somnath Banerjee , Maulindu Sarkar , Nancy Agrawal , Punyajoy Saha , Mithun Das

The spread of information through social media platforms can create environments possibly hostile to vulnerable communities and silence certain groups in society. To mitigate such instances, several models have been developed to detect hate…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-09-26 Marzieh Babaeianjelodar , Gurram Poorna Prudhvi , Stephen Lorenz , Keyu Chen , Sumona Mondal , Soumyabrata Dey , Navin Kumar

Memes on the Internet are often harmless and sometimes amusing. However, by using certain types of images, text, or combinations of both, the seemingly harmless meme becomes a multimodal type of hate speech -- a hateful meme. The Hateful…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2020-12-25 Riza Velioglu , Jewgeni Rose

Recent advancements in technology have led to a boost in social media usage which has ultimately led to large amounts of user-generated data which also includes hateful and offensive speech. The language used in social media is often a…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-05-27 Geet Shingi , Vedangi Wagh

Memes act as cryptic tools for sharing sensitive ideas, often requiring contextual knowledge to interpret. This makes moderating multimodal memes challenging, as existing works either lack high-quality datasets on nuanced hate categories or…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-12-31 Palash Nandi , Shivam Sharma , Tanmoy Chakraborty

Online memes are a powerful yet challenging medium for content moderation, often masking harmful intent behind humor, irony, or cultural symbolism. Conventional moderation systems "especially those relying on explicit text" frequently fail…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2025-10-20 Sayantan Adak , Somnath Banerjee , Rajarshi Mandal , Avik Halder , Sayan Layek , Rima Hazra , Animesh Mukherjee

Offensive Language detection in social media platforms has been an active field of research over the past years. In non-native English spoken countries, social media users mostly use a code-mixed form of text in their posts/comments. This…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-12-13 Charangan Vasantharajan , Uthayasanker Thayasivam

Although social media platforms are a prominent arena for users to engage in interpersonal discussions and express opinions, the facade and anonymity offered by social media may allow users to spew hate speech and offensive content. Given…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-05-09 Ayushi Nirmal , Amrita Bhattacharjee , Paras Sheth , Huan Liu