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The rise of LLM-based agents has opened new frontiers in AI applications, yet evaluating these agents remains a complex and underdeveloped area. This survey provides an in-depth overview of the emerging field of LLM agent evaluation,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-07-30 Mahmoud Mohammadi , Yipeng Li , Jane Lo , Wendy Yip

Evaluating the safety of LLM-based agents is increasingly important because risks in realistic deployments often emerge over multi-step interactions rather than isolated prompts or final responses. Existing trajectory-level benchmarks…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-05-14 Yu Li , Haoyu Luo , Yuejin Xie , Yuqian Fu , Zhonghao Yang , Shuai Shao , Qihan Ren , Wanying Qu , Yanwei Fu , Yujiu Yang , Jing Shao , Xia Hu , Dongrui Liu

We introduce DRBench, a benchmark for evaluating AI agents on complex, open-ended deep research tasks in enterprise settings. Unlike prior benchmarks that focus on simple questions or web-only queries, DRBench evaluates agents on multi-step…

LLM-based agents represent a paradigm shift in AI, enabling autonomous systems to plan, reason, and use tools while interacting with dynamic environments. This paper provides the first comprehensive survey of evaluation methods for these…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-04-24 Asaf Yehudai , Lilach Eden , Alan Li , Guy Uziel , Yilun Zhao , Roy Bar-Haim , Arman Cohan , Michal Shmueli-Scheuer

Modern AI benchmarks operate at a complexity that outpaces traditional verification methods. Tasks authored by domain experts often contain implicit assumptions, incomplete environment specifications, and brittle evaluation logic that human…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-27 Junlin Wang , Federico Bianchi , Shang Zhu , Fan Nie , Yongchan Kwon , Bhuwan Dhingra , James Zou

Foundation models are increasingly becoming better autonomous programmers, raising the prospect that they could also automate dangerous offensive cyber-operations. Current frontier model audits probe the cybersecurity risks of such agents,…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-11-03 Boyi Wei , Benedikt Stroebl , Jiacen Xu , Joie Zhang , Zhou Li , Peter Henderson

Over the last years, the number of cyber-attacks on industrial control systems has been steadily increasing. Among several factors, proper software development plays a vital role in keeping these systems secure. To achieve secure software,…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2021-02-23 Tiago Espinha Gasiba , Ulrike Lechner , Maria Pinto-Albuquerque , Anmoal Porwal

A/B testing experiment is a widely adopted method for evaluating UI/UX design decisions in modern web applications. Yet, traditional A/B testing remains constrained by its dependence on the large-scale and live traffic of human…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2026-03-12 Yuxuan Lu , Ting-Yao Hsu , Hansu Gu , Limeng Cui , Yaochen Xie , William Headden , Bingsheng Yao , Akash Veeragouni , Jiapeng Liu , Sreyashi Nag , Jessie Wang , Dakuo Wang

Computer-use agents extend language models from text generation to persistent action over tools, files, and execution environments. Unlike chat systems, they maintain state across interactions and translate intermediate outputs into…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-04-06 Yunhao Feng , Yifan Ding , Yingshui Tan , Xingjun Ma , Yige Li , Yutao Wu , Yifeng Gao , Kun Zhai , Yanming Guo

Agent benchmarks have become the de facto measure of frontier AI competence, guiding model selection, investment, and deployment. However, reward hacking, where agents maximize a score without performing the intended task, emerges…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-05-14 Hao Wang , Hanchen Li , Qiuyang Mang , Alvin Cheung , Koushik Sen , Dawn Song

There has been a significant increase in the development of data-driven safety analytics approaches in recent years. In light of these advances it has become imperative to evaluate such approaches in a principled way to determine their…

Applications · Statistics 2022-05-02 Antonio R. Paiva , Ashutosh Tewari

Workspace learning requires AI agents to identify, reason over, exploit, and update explicit and implicit dependencies among heterogeneous files in a worker's workspace, enabling them to complete both routine and advanced tasks effectively.…

A formal cyber reasoning framework for automating the threat hunting process is described. The new cyber reasoning methodology introduces an operational semantics that operates over three subspaces -- knowledge, hypothesis, and action -- to…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2021-04-22 Frederico Araujo , Dhilung Kirat , Xiaokui Shu , Teryl Taylor , Jiyong Jang

The ability to analyze network threats is very important in security research. Traditional approaches, involving sandboxing technology are limited to simulating a single host, missing local network attacks. This issue is addressed by…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2020-07-17 Francisc Moldovan , Ciprian Oprisa

The dynamics of protection processes has been a fundamental challenge in systemic risk analysis. The conceptual principle and methodological techniques behind the mechanisms involved [in such dynamics] have been harder to grasp than…

Social and Information Networks · Computer Science 2019-07-29 Chulwook Park

TThis paper argues that \textbf{a comprehensive vulnerability analysis is essential for building trustworthy Large Language Model-based Multi-Agent Systems (LLM-MAS)}. These systems, which consist of multiple LLM-powered agents working…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-05-19 Pengfei He , Yue Xing , Juanhui Li , Shen Dong , Zhenwei Dai , Xianfeng Tang , Hui Liu , Han Xu , Zhen Xiang , Charu C. Aggarwal , Hui Liu

Agentic search such as Deep Research systems-where agents autonomously browse the web, synthesize information, and return comprehensive citation-backed answers-represents a major shift in how users interact with web-scale information. While…

Digital agents capable of automating complex computer tasks have attracted considerable attention due to their immense potential to enhance human-computer interaction. However, existing agent methods exhibit deficiencies in their…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-10-25 Chengyou Jia , Minnan Luo , Zhuohang Dang , Qiushi Sun , Fangzhi Xu , Junlin Hu , Tianbao Xie , Zhiyong Wu

As language models evolve into autonomous agents that act and communicate on behalf of users, ensuring safety in multi-agent ecosystems becomes a central challenge. Interactions between personal assistants and external service providers…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-11-10 Amr Gomaa , Ahmed Salem , Sahar Abdelnabi

AI agents -- powered by reasoning-capable large language models (LLMs) and integrated with tools, data, and web search -- are poised to transform the internet into a \emph{Web of Agents}: a machine-native ecosystem where autonomous agents…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-09-08 Rajesh Tembarai Krishnamachari , Srividya Rajesh