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Estimating treatment effects conditional on observed covariates can improve the ability to tailor treatments to particular individuals. Doing so effectively requires dealing with potential confounding, and also enough data to adequately…

We consider the identification of average treatment effects on the treated (ATT) in difference-in-differences (DiD) settings in the presence of endogenous sample selection. We first establish that the conventional DiD estimand generally…

Econometrics · Economics 2026-02-17 Gayani Rathnayake , Akanksha Negi , Otavio Bartalotti , Xueyan Zhao

This paper extends difference-in-differences to settings with continuous treatments. Specifically, the average treatment effect on the treated (ATT) at any level of treatment intensity is identified under a conditional parallel trends…

Econometrics · Economics 2026-01-05 Lucas Z. Zhang

Difference-in-differences (DiD) identification relies mainly on a parallel trends assumption about untreated potential outcomes. Researchers often relax this assumption by assuming conditional parallel trends within units with the same…

Methodology · Statistics 2026-05-05 Daniela Rodrigues , Laura A. Hatfield

Difference-in-Differences (DiD) and Synthetic Control (SC) are widely used methods for causal inference in panel data, each with distinct strengths and limitations. We propose a novel method for short-panel causal inference that integrates…

Econometrics · Economics 2025-09-26 Yixiao Sun , Haitian Xie , Yuhang Zhang

While a randomized control trial is considered the gold standard for estimating causal treatment effects, there are many research settings in which randomization is infeasible or unethical. In such cases, researchers rely on analytical…

Methodology · Statistics 2024-02-21 Julia C. Thome , Peter F. Rebeiro , Andrew J. Spieker , Bryan E. Shepherd

The presence of unobserved confounders is one of the main challenges in identifying treatment effects. In this paper, we propose a new approach to causal inference using panel data with large large $N$ and $T$. Our approach imputes the…

Econometrics · Economics 2025-03-28 Ben Deaner , Chen-Wei Hsiang , Andrei Zeleneev

This paper studies the estimation and inference of treatment effects in panel data settings when treatments change dynamically over time. We propose a balancing method that allows for (i) treatments to be assigned dynamically over time…

Econometrics · Economics 2026-02-24 Davide Viviano , Jelena Bradic

This paper develops a nonparametric model that represents how sequences of outcomes and treatment choices influence one another in a dynamic manner. In this setting, we are interested in identifying the average outcome for individuals in…

Econometrics · Economics 2019-01-16 Sukjin Han

Empirical work often uses treatment assigned following geographic boundaries. When the effects of treatment cross over borders, classical difference-in-differences estimation produces biased estimates for the average treatment effect. In…

Econometrics · Economics 2023-06-13 Kyle Butts

Difference-in-differences (DID) is one of the most widely used causal inference frameworks in observational studies. However, most existing DID methods are designed for binary treatments and cannot be readily applied to non-binary treatment…

Methodology · Statistics 2025-12-01 Siyu Heng , Yuan Huang , Hyunseung Kang

Difference-in-differences (DID) is popular because it can allow for unmeasured confounding when the key assumption of parallel trends holds. However, there exists little guidance on how to decide a priori whether this assumption is…

Methodology · Statistics 2025-05-07 Audrey Renson , Oliver Dukes , Zach Shahn

Suppose it is of interest to characterize effect heterogeneity of an intervention across levels of a baseline covariate using only pre- and post- intervention outcome measurements from those who received the intervention, i.e. with no…

Methodology · Statistics 2023-06-21 Zach Shahn

I propose a novel argument to identify economically interpretable intertemporal treatment effects in dynamic regression discontinuity designs (RDDs). Specifically, I develop a dynamic potential outcomes model and reformulate two assumptions…

Econometrics · Economics 2025-03-28 Francesco Ruggieri

In economic program evaluation, it is common to obtain panel data in which outcomes are indicators that an individual has reached an absorbing state. For example, they may indicate whether an individual has exited a period of unemployment,…

Econometrics · Economics 2026-05-26 Ben Deaner , Hyejin Ku

We study the role of selection into treatment in difference-in-differences (DiD) designs. We derive necessary and sufficient conditions for parallel trends assumptions under general classes of selection mechanisms. These conditions…

Econometrics · Economics 2026-02-03 Dalia Ghanem , Pedro H. C. Sant'Anna , Kaspar Wüthrich

In this paper, we propose a new approach to causal inference with panel data. Instead of using panel data to adjust for differences in the distribution of unobserved heterogeneity between the treated and comparison groups, we instead use…

Econometrics · Economics 2025-12-01 Brantly Callaway , Derek Dyal , Pedro H. C. Sant'Anna , Emmanuel S. Tsyawo

The method of difference-in-differences (DID) is widely used to study the causal effect of policy interventions in observational studies. DID employs a before and after comparison of the treated and control units to remove bias due to…

Methodology · Statistics 2022-06-15 Ting Ye , Luke Keele , Raiden Hasegawa , Dylan S. Small

Difference-in-differences (DiD) is a cornerstone of causal inference, yet extending it to functional outcomes is not a routine scalar generalization; rather, it entails three fundamental challenges in identification, inference, and…

Methodology · Statistics 2026-05-29 Junzhu Nie , Chengxiu Ling , Mengfei Ran

This paper aims to partially identify the distributional treatment effects (DTEs) that depend on the unknown joint distribution of treated and untreated potential outcomes. We construct the DTE bounds using panel data and allow individuals…

Econometrics · Economics 2024-11-08 Heshani Madigasekara , D. S. Poskitt , Lina Zhang , Xueyan Zhao